List of language families

This List of language families includes also language isolates, unclassified languages and other types of languages.

Major language families

By number of languages

Ethnologue 18 lists the following language families as containing at least 1% of the 7,472 known languages in the world:

1. Niger–Congo (1,538 languages) (20.6%)
2. Austronesian (1,257 languages) (16.8%)
3. Trans–New Guinea (480 languages) (6.4%)
4. Sino-Tibetan (457 languages) (6.1%)
5. Indo-European (444 languages) (5.9%)
6. Australian (378 languages) (5.1%)
7. Afro-Asiatic (375 languages) (5.0%)
8. Nilo-Saharan (205 languages) (2.7%)
9. Oto-Manguean (177 languages) (2.4%)
10. Austroasiatic (169 languages) (2.3%)
11. Tai–Kadai (95 languages) (1.3%)
12. Dravidian (85 languages) (1.1%)
13. Tupian (76 languages) (1.0%)

Glottolog 2.4 lists the following as the largest families:

1. Atlantic–Congo (1,432 languages)
2. Austronesian (1,276 languages)
3. Indo-European (585 languages)
4. Sino-Tibetan (472 languages)
5. Afro-Asiatic (372 languages)
6. Nuclear Trans–New Guinea (315 languages)
7. Pama–Nyungan (240 languages)
8. Otomanguean (178 languages)
9. Austroasiatic (164 languages)
10. Tai–Kadai (96 languages)
11. Dravidian (81 languages)
12. Arawakan (76 languages)
13. Mande (74 languages)
14. Tupian (71 languages)

Language counts can vary significantly depending on what is considered a dialect. For example, Lyle Campbell counts 27 Otomanguean languages, though he, Ethnologue, and Glottolog agree as to which languages belong in the family.

Language families

In the following, each bullet item is a known or suspected language family. Phyla with historically wide geographical distributions but comparatively few current-day speakers include Eskimo–Aleut, Na-Dené, Algic, Quechuan and Nilo-Saharan. The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for grouping families into collections more comprehensible than an unstructured list of a few hundred independent families. Geographic relationship is convenient for that purpose, but these headings are not a suggestion of any "super-families" phylogenetically relating the families named. The number of individual languages in a family and number of speakers are only rough estimates. See dialect or language and linguistic demography for further explanation.

Pie chart of world languages by percentage of speakers

The language families of Africa.

Map of major European languages

Distribution of the Turkic languages across Eurasia

Area of the Papuan languages.

Map of the Australian languages

Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact.

The major South American language families.

Language isolates

Unclassified languages

Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages, or, more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification. Most such languages are extinct and most likely will never be known well enough to classify.

Europe

• Iberian (Spain) (extinct)
• Tartessian (Spain, Portugal) (extinct)
• North Picene (Italy) (extinct)
• Camunic (Italy) (extinct, perhaps Tyrsenian)
• Pictish (Scotland) (extinct, probably Celtic)
• Minoan (Crete) (extinct)
• Eteocretan (Crete) (extinct, probably descended from Minoan)
• Eteocypriot (Cyprus) (extinct)
• Nuragic (Sardinia) (extinct)
• Elymian (Sicily) (extinct)
• Sicani (Sicily) (extinct)

Africa

• Ongota (perhaps Afro-Asiatic)
• Kwadi (extinct; perhaps Khoe)
• Dompo
• Mpre (probably Niger–Congo)
• Jalaa
• Laal
• Meroitic (extinct; probably Nubian, a language family part of the Nilo-Saharan proposal)
• Shabo (perhaps Nilo-Saharan)
• Bayot
• Boro (extinct; perhaps Niger-Congo)
• Kujargé (probably Afro-Asiatic)
• Oblo
• Weyto
• Rimba

Asia

• Quti [extinct]
• Kaskian [extinct] (perhaps related to Hattic)
• Kassite [extinct] (perhaps related to or part of Hurro-Urartian)
• Kenaboi [extinct] (perhaps Mon-Khmer)
• Philistine [extinct] (probably Indo-European)
• Sentinelese
• Tambora [extinct] (perhaps related to or a part of the Timor-Alor-Pantar branch of Trans-New Guinea)

New Guinea

• Bayono-Awbono (perhaps Trans-New Guinea)
• Dibiyaso
• Elseng (perhaps Upper Tami)
• Kapori (probably related to Kaure)
• Kehu (probably related to East Geelvink Bay)
• Kembra
• Kimki
• Kosare (probably related to Kaure)
• Purari (perhaps Trans-New Guinea)
• Pyu [moribund] (perhaps Arai-Kwomtari or an isolate)
• Saponi (extinct; perhaps either a Lakes Plain or East Bird's Head – Sentani language)
• Sulka (most likely related to the neighboring Baining and Kol languages)
• Tause (perhaps a part of the East Bird's Head – Sentani proposal)
• Afra [moribund]

South America

• Taushiro (Peru)

Extinct families and isolates

This section lists extinct languages and families which have no known living relatives. While a minority are well-known but are still classified as genetically independent (like the ancient Sumerian language), the lack of attestation makes many languages hard to put into larger groups.

Other language classifications

The classification of languages into families assumes that all languages develop from a single parent proto-language and evolve over time into different daughter language(s). While the vast majority of languages fit this description fairly well, there are exceptions.

A mixed language often refers to a particular combination of existing languages, which may be from different genetic families. A pidgin is a simple language used for communication between groups. This may involve simplification and/or mixing of multiple languages. When a pidgin develops into a more stable language which children learn from birth, it is usually called a creole language.

Whether for ease of use or created for use in fiction, languages can also be constructed from the ground up, rather than develop from existing languages. These are known as constructed languages.

Sign languages

The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lagging in linguistic research, and many are isolates (cf. Wittmann 1991).^[1]

Beyond these language families exists many isolate languages, including:

• Inuit Sign Language
• Nicaraguan Sign Language
• Peruvian Sign Language
• Mauritian Sign Language
• Chinese Sign Language
• Hawaiʻi Sign Language
• Lyons Sign Language

Proposed families

A list of proposed language families which connect established families into larger genetic groups. The support for these proposals varies. The Dené–Yeniseian languages, for example, are a recent proposal which has been generally well-received, whereas reconstructions of the Proto-World language are often viewed as fringe science. Proposals which are themselves based on other proposals have the likelihood of their parts noted in parenthesis.

See also

• Language family
• International auxiliary language
• Constructed language
• Endangered language
• Extinct language
• Intercontinental Dictionary Series
• Ethnologue#Language families
• Glottolog#Language families

References

External links

• Glottolog
• Ethnologue
• MultiTree Project
• Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families (from Wiktionary)