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An epiglottal consonant is a consonant that is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds (see larynx) against the epiglottis. They are occasionally called aryepiglottal consonants.
The epiglottal consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
Epiglottals are not known from many languages. However, this may partially be an effect of the difficulty European language-speaking linguists have in recognizing them; it is likely that supposedly pharyngeal consonants in many of the languages reported to possess them are in fact epiglottal in articulation. This was discovered to be the case for Dahalo, for example. Epiglottals are primarily known from the Middle East (in the Semitic languages) and from British Columbia (the "pharyngeal trills" in northern Haida are actually epiglottal), but also occur elsewhere, particularly in Northeast Caucasian languages such as Chechen. Nevertheless, epiglottal consonants are phonemically contrastive with pharyngeals only in the Richa dialect of Aghul, a Northeast Caucasian Lezgic language spoken in Dagestan:[1] /ħaw/ "udder" vs. /ʜatʃ/ "apple"; /ʕan/ "belly" vs. /ʢakʷ/ "light".
In 1995 a new possible radical place of articulation, epiglotto-pharyngeal, was reported.
Russia, Azerbaijan, Northeast Caucasian languages, Dagestan, Rutul language
Epiglottal consonant, International Phonetic Alphabet, Haida language
Place of articulation, Phonation, Manner of articulation, Bantu languages, South Africa
Russia, Chechnya, Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush language, Pharyngealization
Arabic language, Ubykh language, Tsakhur language, Russia, Turkey
Cyrillic script, Manner of articulation, Place of articulation, International Phonetic Alphabet, Arabic language
Place of articulation, Manner of articulation, ɾ̼, International Phonetic Alphabet, Sibilant consonant