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# Formation rule

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 Title: Formation rule Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia Language: English Subject: Collection: Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia Publication Date:

### Formation rule

In mathematical logic, formation rules are rules for describing which strings of symbols formed from the alphabet of a formal language are syntactically valid within the language. These rules only address the location and manipulation of the strings of the language. It does not describe anything else about a language, such as its semantics (i.e. what the strings mean). (See also formal grammar).

## Contents

• Formal language 1
• Formal systems 2
• Propositional and predicate logic 3

## Formal language

A formal language is an organized set of symbols the essential feature being that it can be precisely defined in terms of just the shapes and locations of those symbols. Such a language can be defined, then, without any reference to any meanings of any of its expressions; it can exist before any interpretation is assigned to it—that is, before it has any meaning. A formal grammar determines which symbols and sets of symbols are formulas in a formal language.

## Formal systems

A formal system (also called a logical calculus, or a logical system) consists of a formal language together with a deductive apparatus (also called a deductive system). The deductive apparatus may consist of a set of transformation rules (also called inference rules) or a set of axioms, or have both. A formal system is used to derive one expression from one or more other expressions. Propositional and predicate calculi are examples of formal systems.

## Propositional and predicate logic

The formation rules of a propositional calculus may, for instance, take a form such that;

• if we take Φ to be a propositional formula we can also take ¬Φ to be a formula;
• if we take Φ and Ψ to be a propositional formulas we can also take (Φ & Ψ), (Φ → Ψ), (Φ \lor Ψ) and (Φ \leftrightarrow Ψ) to also be formulas.

A predicate calculus will usually include all the same rules as a propositional calculus, with the addition of quantifiers such that if we take Φ to be a formula of propositional logic and α as a variable then we can take (\forallα)Φ and (\existsα)Φ each to be formulas of our predicate calculus.