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Fuzzy set

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Fuzzy set

In mathematics, fuzzy sets are sets whose elements have degrees of membership. Fuzzy sets were introduced by Lotfi A. Zadeh[1] and Dieter Klaua[2] in 1965 as an extension of the classical notion of set. At the same time, Salii (1965) defined a more general kind of structures called L-relations, which were studied by him in an abstract algebraic context. Fuzzy relations, which are used now in different areas, such as linguistics (De Cock, et al., 2000), decision-making (Kuzmin, 1982) and clustering (Bezdek, 1978), are special cases of L-relations when L is the unit interval [0, 1].

In classical set theory, the membership of elements in a set is assessed in binary terms according to a bivalent condition — an element either belongs or does not belong to the set. By contrast, fuzzy set theory permits the gradual assessment of the membership of elements in a set; this is described with the aid of a membership function valued in the real unit interval [0, 1]. Fuzzy sets generalize classical sets, since the indicator functions of classical sets are special cases of the membership functions of fuzzy sets, if the latter only take values 0 or 1.[3] In fuzzy set theory, classical bivalent sets are usually called crisp sets. The fuzzy set theory can be used in a wide range of domains in which information is incomplete or imprecise, such as bioinformatics.[4]

It has been suggested by Thayer Watkins that Zadeh's ethnicity is an example of a fuzzy set because "His father was Turkish-Iranian (Azerbaijani) and his mother was Russian. His father was a journalist working in Baku, Azerbaijan in the Soviet Union...Lotfi was born in Baku in 1921 and lived there until his family moved to Tehran in 1931."[5]

Contents

• Definition 1
• Fuzzy logic 2
• Fuzzy number 3
• Fuzzy interval 4
• Fuzzy relation equation 5
• Axiomatic definition of credibility 6
• Credibility inversion theorem 7
• Expected Value 8
• Entropy 9
• Generalizations 10
• References 12

Definition

A fuzzy set is a pair (U, m) where U is a set and m\colon U \rightarrow [0,1].

For each x\in U, the value m(x) is called the grade of membership of x in (U,m). For a finite set U=\{x_1,\dots,x_n\}, the fuzzy set (U, m) is often denoted by \{m(x_1)/x_1,\dots,m(x_n)/x_n\}.

Let x \in U. Then x is called not included in the fuzzy set (U,m) if m(x) = 0, x is called fully included if m(x) = 1, and x is called a fuzzy member if 0 < m(x) < 1.[6] The set \{x\in U\mid m(x)>0\} is called the support of (U,m) and the set \{x\in U\mid m(x)=1\} is called its kernel or core. The function m is called the membership function of the fuzzy set (U, m).

Sometimes, more general variants of the notion of fuzzy set are used, with membership functions taking values in a (fixed or variable) algebra or structure L of a given kind; usually it is required that L be at least a poset or lattice. These are usually called L-fuzzy sets, to distinguish them from those valued over the unit interval. The usual membership functions with values in [0, 1] are then called [0, 1]-valued membership functions. These kinds of generalizations were first considered in 1967 by Joseph Goguen, who was a student of Zadeh.[7]

Fuzzy logic

As an extension of the case of multi-valued logic, valuations (\mu : \mathit{V}_o \to \mathit{W}) of propositional variables (\mathit{V}_o) into a set of membership degrees (\mathit{W}) can be thought of as membership functions mapping predicates into fuzzy sets (or more formally, into an ordered set of fuzzy pairs, called a fuzzy relation). With these valuations, many-valued logic can be extended to allow for fuzzy premises from which graded conclusions may be drawn.[8]

This extension is sometimes called "fuzzy logic in the narrow sense" as opposed to "fuzzy logic in the wider sense," which originated in the engineering fields of automated control and knowledge engineering, and which encompasses many topics involving fuzzy sets and "approximated reasoning."[9]

Industrial applications of fuzzy sets in the context of "fuzzy logic in the wider sense" can be found at fuzzy logic.

Fuzzy number

A fuzzy number is a convex, normalized fuzzy set \tilde{\mathit{A}}\subseteq\mathbb{R} whose membership function is at least segmentally continuous and has the functional value \mu_{A}(x)=1 at precisely one element.

This can be likened to the funfair game "guess your weight," where someone guesses the contestant's weight, with closer guesses being more correct, and where the guesser "wins" if he or she guesses near enough to the contestant's weight, with the actual weight being completely correct (mapping to 1 by the membership function).

Fuzzy interval

A fuzzy interval is an uncertain set \tilde{\mathit{A}}\subseteq\mathbb{R} with a mean interval whose elements possess the membership function value \mu_{A}(x)=1. As in fuzzy numbers, the membership function must be convex, normalized, at least segmentally continuous.[10]

Fuzzy relation equation

The fuzzy relation equation is an equation of the form A · R = B, where A and B are fuzzy sets, R is a fuzzy relation, and A · R stands for the composition of A with R.

Axiomatic definition of credibility

[11] Let A be a non-empty set and P(A) be the power set of A . The set function Cr is known as credibility measure if it satisfies following condition

• Axiom 1: Cr \lbrace A \rbrace = 1
• Axiom 2: If B is subset of C, then, Cr \lbrace B \rbrace \leq Cr \lbrace C \rbrace
• Axiom 3: Cr \lbrace B \rbrace + Cr \lbrace B^{c} \rbrace = 1
• Axiom 4: Cr \lbrace \cup A_{i} \rbrace = \sup_{i}(A_{i}) , for any event A_{i} with \sup_{i} Cr \lbrace A_{i} \rbrace < 0.5

Cr{B} indicates how frequently event B will occur.

Credibility inversion theorem

[12] Let A be a fuzzy variable with membership function u. Then for any set B of real numbers, we have

Cr\lbrace A \in B \rbrace = \dfrac{1}{2}\left(\sup_{t \in B} u(t) + 1 - \sup_{t \in B^{c}} u(t)\right)

Expected Value

[13] Let A be a fuzzy variable. Then the expected value is

E[A] = \int_0^\infty Cr \lbrace A \geq t \rbrace \,dt - \int_{-\infty}^0 Cr \lbrace A \leq t \rbrace \,dt.

Entropy

[14] Let A be a fuzzy variable with a continuous membership function. Then its entropy is

H[A] = \int_{- \infty}^\infty S(Cr \lbrace A \geq t \rbrace )\,dt.

Where

S(y) = -y \,\text{ln}y - (1 - y ) \,\text{ln}(1-y)

Generalizations

There are many mathematical constructions similar to or more general than fuzzy sets. Since fuzzy sets were introduced in 1965, a lot of new mathematical constructions and theories treating imprecision, inexactness, ambiguity, and uncertainty have been developed. Some of these constructions and theories are extensions of fuzzy set theory, while others try to mathematically model imprecision and uncertainty in a different way (Burgin and Chunihin, 1997; Kerre, 2001; Deschrijver and Kerre, 2003).

The diversity of such constructions and corresponding theories includes:

• interval sets (Moore, 1966),
• L-fuzzy sets (Goguen, 1967),
• flou sets (Gentilhomme, 1968),
• Boolean-valued fuzzy sets (Brown, 1971),
• type-2 fuzzy sets and type-n fuzzy sets (Zadeh, 1975),
• set-valued sets (Chapin, 1974; 1975),
• interval-valued fuzzy sets (Grattan-Guinness, 1975; Jahn, 1975; Sambuc, 1975; Zadeh, 1975),
• functions as generalizations of fuzzy sets and multisets (Lake, 1976),
• level fuzzy sets (Radecki, 1977)
• underdetermined sets (Narinyani, 1980),
• rough sets (Pawlak, 1982),
• intuitionistic fuzzy sets (Atanassov, 1983),
• fuzzy multisets (Yager, 1986),
• intuitionistic L-fuzzy sets (Atanassov, 1986),
• rough multisets (Grzymala-Busse, 1987),
• fuzzy rough sets (Nakamura, 1988),
• real-valued fuzzy sets (Blizard, 1989),
• vague sets (Wen-Lung Gau and Buehrer, 1993),
• Q-sets (Gylys, 1994)
• α-level sets (Yao, 1997),
• genuine sets (Demirci, 1999),
• neutrosophic sets (Smarandache, 1999),
• soft sets (Molodtsov, 1999),
• intuitionistic fuzzy rough sets (Cornelis, De Cock and Kerre, 2003)
• blurry sets (Smith, 2004)
• L-fuzzy rough sets (Radzikowska and Kerre, 2004),
• generalized rough fuzzy sets (Feng, 2010)
• rough intuitionistic fuzzy sets (Thomas and Nair, 2011),
• soft rough fuzzy sets (Meng, Zhang and Qin, 2011)
• soft fuzzy rough sets (Meng, Zhang and Qin, 2011)
• soft multisets (Alkhazaleh, Salleh and Hassan, 2011)
• fuzzy soft multisets (Alkhazaleh and Salleh, 2012)

References

1. ^ L. A. Zadeh (1965) "Fuzzy sets". Information and Control 8 (3) 338–353.
2. ^ Klaua, D. (1965) Über einen Ansatz zur mehrwertigen Mengenlehre. Monatsb. Deutsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 7, 859–876. A recent in-depth analysis of this paper has been provided by Gottwald, S. (2010). "An early approach toward graded identity and graded membership in set theory". Fuzzy Sets and Systems 161 (18): 2369–2379.
3. ^ D. Dubois and H. Prade (1988) Fuzzy Sets and Systems. Academic Press, New York.
4. ^ Lily R. Liang, Shiyong Lu, Xuena Wang, Yi Lu, Vinay Mandal, Dorrelyn Patacsil, and Deepak Kumar, "FM-test: A Fuzzy-Set-Theory-Based Approach to Differential Gene Expression Data Analysis", BMC Bioinformatics, 7 (Suppl 4): S7. 2006.
5. ^ "Fuzzy Logic: The Logic of Fuzzy Sets"
6. ^ AAAI
7. ^ Goguen, Joseph A., 196, "L-fuzzy sets". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 18: 145–174
8. ^ Siegfried Gottwald, 2001. A Treatise on Many-Valued Logics. Baldock, Hertfordshire, England: Research Studies Press Ltd., ISBN 978-0-86380-262-1
9. ^ "The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning," Information Sciences 8: 199–249, 301–357; 9: 43–80.
10. ^ "Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility," Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1: 3–28
11. ^ Liu, Baoding. "Uncertain theory: an introduction to its axiomatic foundations." Berlin: Springer-Verlag (2004).
12. ^ Liu, Baoding, and Yian-Kui Liu. "Expected value of fuzzy variable and fuzzy expected value models." Fuzzy Systems, IEEE Transactions on 10.4 (2002): 445-450.
13. ^ Liu, Baoding, and Yian-Kui Liu. "Expected value of fuzzy variable and fuzzy expected value models." Fuzzy Systems, IEEE Transactions on 10.4 (2002): 445-450.
14. ^ Xuecheng, Liu. "Entropy, distance measure and similarity measure of fuzzy sets and their relations." Fuzzy sets and systems 52.3 (1992): 305-318.

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