World Library  
My Account |  Register |  Help  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

Iso 31-11

Article Id: WHEBN0003371683
Reproduction Date:

Title: Iso 31-11  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: ISO 31, ISO 3166, Mathematical symbols, ISO/IEC 80000, Interval (mathematics)
Collection: Iso 31, Mathematical Notation, Mathematical Symbols
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Iso 31-11

ISO 31-11 was the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology. It was superseded in 2009 by ISO 80000-2.[1]

Its definitions include the following:[2]

Contents

  • Mathematical logic 1
  • Sets 2
  • Miscellaneous signs and symbols 3
  • Operations 4
  • Functions 5
  • Exponential and logarithmic functions 6
  • Circular and hyperbolic functions 7
  • Complex numbers 8
  • Matrices 9
  • Coordinate systems 10
  • Vectors and tensors 11
  • Special functions 12
  • See also 13
  • References and notes 14

Mathematical logic

Sign Example Name Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
∧ p ∧ q conjunction sign p and q
∨ p ∨ q disjunction sign p or q (or both)
¬ ¬ p negation sign negation of p; not p; non p
⇒ p ⇒ q implication sign if p then q; p implies q Can also be written as q ⇐ p. Sometimes → is used.
∀ ∀x∈A p(x)
(∀x∈A) p(x) 		universal quantifier for every x belonging to A, the proposition p(x) is true The "∈A" can be dropped where A is clear from context.
∃ ∃x∈A p(x)
(∃x∈A) p(x) 		existential quantifier there exists an x belonging to A for which the proposition p(x) is true The "∈A" can be dropped where A is clear from context.
∃! is used where exactly one x exists for which p(x) is true.

Sets

Sign Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
∈ x ∈ A x belongs to A; x is an element of the set A
∉ x ∉ A x does not belong to A; x is not an element of the set A The negation stroke can also be vertical.
∋ A ∋ x the set A contains x (as an element) same meaning as x ∈ A
∌ A ∌ x the set A does not contain x (as an element) same meaning as x ∉ A
{ } {x1, x2, ..., xn} set with elements x1, x2, ..., xn also {xi ∣ i ∈ I}, where I denotes a set of indices
{ ∣ } {x ∈ A ∣ p(x)} set of those elements of A for which the proposition p(x) is true Example: {x ∈ ℝ ∣ x > 5}
The ∈A can be dropped where this set is clear from the context.
card card(A) number of elements in A; cardinal of A
∖ A ∖ B difference between A and B; A minus B The set of elements which belong to A but not to B.
A ∖ B = { x ∣ x ∈ A ∧ x ∉ B }
A − B should not be used.
∅ the empty set
ℕ the set of natural numbers; the set of positive integers and zero ℕ = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
Exclusion of zero is denoted by an asterisk:
ℕ* = {1, 2, 3, ...}
ℕk = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., k − 1}
ℤ the set of integers ℤ = {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
ℤ* = ℤ ∖ {0} = {..., −3, −2, −1, 1, 2, 3, ...}
ℚ the set of rational numbers ℚ* = ℚ ∖ {0}
ℝ the set of real numbers ℝ* = ℝ ∖ {0}
ℂ the set of complex numbers ℂ* = ℂ ∖ {0}
[,] [a,b] closed interval in ℝ from a (included) to b (included) [a,b] = {x ∈ ℝ ∣ a ≤ x ≤ b}
],]
(,] 		]a,b]
(a,b] 		left half-open interval in ℝ from a (excluded) to b (included) ]a,b] = {x ∈ ℝ ∣ a < x ≤ b}
[,[
[,) 		[a,b[
[a,b) 		right half-open interval in ℝ from a (included) to b (excluded) [a,b[ = {x ∈ ℝ ∣ a ≤ x < b}
],[
(,) 		]a,b[
(a,b) 		open interval in ℝ from a (excluded) to b (excluded) ]a,b[ = {x ∈ ℝ ∣ a < x < b}
⊆ B ⊆ A B is included in A; B is a subset of A Every element of B belongs to A. ⊂ is also used.
⊂ B ⊂ A B is properly included in A; B is a proper subset of A Every element of B belongs to A, but B is not equal to A. If ⊂ is used for "included", then ⊊ should be used for "properly included".
⊈ C ⊈ A C is not included in A; C is not a subset of A ⊄ is also used.
⊇ A ⊇ B A includes B (as subset) A contains every element of B. ⊃ is also used. B ⊆ A means the same as A ⊇ B.
⊃ A ⊃ B. A includes B properly. A contains every element of B, but A is not equal to B. If ⊃ is used for "includes", then ⊋ should be used for "includes properly".
⊉ A ⊉ C A does not include C (as subset) ⊅ is also used. A ⊉ C means the same as C ⊈ A.
∪ A ∪ B union of A and B The set of elements which belong to A or to B or to both A and B.
A ∪ B = { x ∣ x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B }
⋃ \bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i union of a collection of sets \bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i=A_1\cup A_2\cup\ldots\cup A_n, the set of elements belonging to at least one of the sets A1, …, An. \bigcup{}_{i=1}^n and \bigcup_{i\in I}, \bigcup{}_{i \in I} are also used, where I denotes a set of indices.
∩ A ∩ B intersection of A and B The set of elements which belong to both A and B.
A ∩ B = { x ∣ x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B }
⋂ \bigcap_{i=1}^n A_i intersection of a collection of sets \bigcap_{i=1}^n A_i=A_1\cap A_2\cap\ldots\cap A_n, the set of elements belonging to all sets A1, …, An. \bigcap{}_{i=1}^n and \bigcap_{i\in I}, ⋂i∈I are also used, where I denotes a set of indices.
∁ ∁AB complement of subset B of A The set of those elements of A which do not belong to the subset B. The symbol A is often omitted if the set A is clear from context. Also ∁AB = A ∖ B.
(,) (a, b) ordered pair a, b; couple a, b (a, b) = (c, d) if and only if a = c and b = d.
⟨a, b⟩ is also used.
(,…,) (a1, a2, …, an) ordered n-tuple ⟨a1, a2, …, an⟩ is also used.
× A × B cartesian product of A and B The set of ordered pairs (a, b) such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
A × B = { (a, b) ∣ a ∈ A ∧ b ∈ B }
A × A × ⋯ × A is denoted by An, where n is the number of factors in the product.
Δ ΔA set of pairs (a, a) ∈ A × A where a ∈ A; diagonal of the set A × A ΔA = { (a, a) ∣ a ∈ A }
idA is also used.

Miscellaneous signs and symbols

Sign Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
≝
\ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ 		a ≝ b a is by definition equal to b [2] := is also used
= a = b a equals b ≡ may be used to emphasize that a particular equality is an identity.
≠ a ≠ b a is not equal to b a \not\equiv b may be used to emphasize that a is not identically equal to b.
≙ a ≙ b a corresponds to b On a 1:106 map: 1 cm ≙ 10 km.
≈ a ≈ b a is approximately equal to b The symbol ≃ is reserved for "is asymptotically equal to".
∼
∝ 		a ∼ b
a ∝ b 		a is proportional to b
< a < b a is less than b
> a > b a is greater than b
≤ a ≤ b a is less than or equal to b The symbol ≦ is also used.
≥ a ≥ b a is greater than or equal to b The symbol ≧ is also used.
≪ a ≪ b a is much less than b
≫ a ≫ b a is much greater than b
∞ infinity
()
[]
{}
\langle \rangle 		(a+b)c
[a+b]c
{a+b}c
\langlea+b\ranglec 		ac+bc, parentheses
ac+bc, square brackets
ac+bc, braces
ac+bc, angle brackets 		In ordinary algebra, the sequence of (), [], {}, \langle \rangle in order of nesting is not standardized. Special uses are made of (), [], {}, \langle \rangle in particular fields.[3]
∥ AB ∥ CD the line AB is parallel to the line CD
\perp AB\perpCD the line AB is perpendicular to the line CD[4]

Operations

Sign Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
+ a + b a plus b
− a − b a minus b
± a ± b a plus or minus b
∓ a ∓ b a minus or plus b −(a ± b) = −a ∓ b
... ... ... ...
⋮

Functions

Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
f:D \rightarrow C function f has domain D and codomain C Used to explicitly define the domain and codomain of a function.
f\left(S\right) \left\{f\left(x\right)\mid x\in S\right\} Set of all possible outputs in the codomain when given inputs from S, a subset of the domain of f.
⋮

Exponential and logarithmic functions

Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
e base of natural logarithms e = 2.718 28...
ex exponential function to the base e of x
logax logarithm to the base a of x
lb x binary logarithm (to the base 2) of x lb x = log2x
ln x natural logarithm (to the base e) of x ln x = logex
lg x common logarithm (to the base 10) of x lg x = log10x
... ... ...
⋮

Circular and hyperbolic functions

Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
π ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter π = 3.141 59...
... ... ...
⋮

Complex numbers

Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
i   j imaginary unit; i² = −1 In electrotechnology, j is generally used.
Re z real part of z z = x + iy, where x = Re z and y = Im z
Im z imaginary part of z
∣z∣ absolute value of z; modulus of z mod z is also used
arg z argument of z; phase of z z = reiφ, where r = ∣z∣ and φ = arg z, i.e. Re z = r cos φ and Im z = r sin φ
z* (complex) conjugate of z sometimes a bar above z is used instead of z*
sgn z signum z sgn z = z / ∣z∣ = exp(i arg z) for z ≠ 0, sgn 0 = 0

Matrices

Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
A matrix A ...
... ... ...
⋮

Coordinate systems

Coordinates Position vector and its differential Name of coordinate system Remarks
x, y, z [x y z] = [x y z]; [dx dy dz]; cartesian x1, x2, x3 for the coordinates and e1, e2, e3 for the base vectors are also used. This notation easily generalizes to n-mensional space. ex, ey, ez form an orthonormal right-handed system. For the base vectors, i, j, k are also used.
ρ, φ, z [x, y, z] = [ρ cos(φ), ρ sin(φ), z] cylindrical eρ(φ), eφ(φ), ez form an orthonormal right-handed system. lf z= 0, then ρ and φ are the polar coordinates.
r, θ, φ [x, y, z] = r [sin(θ)cos(φ), sin(θ)sin(φ), cos(θ)] spherical er(θ,φ), eθ(θ,φ),eφ(φ) form an orthonormal right-handed system.

Vectors and tensors

Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
a
\vec a 		vector a Instead of italic boldface, vectors can also be indicated by an arrow above the letter symbol. Any vector a can be multiplied by a scalar k, i.e. ka.
... ... ...
⋮

Special functions

Example Meaning and verbal equivalent Remarks
Jl(x) cylindrical Bessel functions (of the first kind) ...
... ... ...
⋮

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ "ISO 80000-2:2009".  
  2. ^ a b Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry M (March 2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) — NIST Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition — Second Printing (PDF). Gaithersburg, MD, USA:  
  3. ^ These brace or fence characters are upper level unicode characters, fairly recently established and so may not display correctly in every browser. A close approximation of the appearance is found in the standard Latin characters: ( ), [ ], { }, < >. A more accurate glyph depiction of the mathematical angle bracket characters are found in the Chinese-Japanese-Korean (CJK) punctuation category: 〈 〉.
  4. ^ If the perpendicular symbol, ⟂, does not display correctly, it is similar to ⊥ (up tack: sometimes meaning orthogonal to) and it also appears similar to ⏊ (the dentistry: symbol light up and horizontal)
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 



Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from Hawaii eBook Library are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.