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The International Olympic Committee (IOC) uses three-letter abbreviation country codes[1] to refer to each group of athletes that participate in the Olympic Games. Each code usually identifies a National Olympic Committee (NOC), but there are several codes that have been used for other instances in past Games, such as teams composed of athletes from multiple nations, or groups of athletes not formally representing any nation.
Several of the IOC codes are different from the standard FIFA, use similar country codes to refer to their respective teams, but with some differences. Still others, such as the Commonwealth Games Federation or Association of Tennis Professionals, use the IOC list verbatim.
The 1956 Winter Olympics and 1960 Summer Olympics were the first Games to feature Initials of Nations to refer to each NOC in the published official reports.[2] However, the codes used at the next few Games were often based on the host nation's language (e.g., GIA for Japan at the 1956 Winter Olympics and 1960 Summer Olympics, both held in Italy, from Italian Giappone) or based on the French name for the nation (e.g., COR for Korea, from Corée). By the 1972 Winter Olympics, most codes were standardized on the current usage, but several have changed in recent years. Additionally, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, division and unification of Germany, breakup of Yugoslavia, dissolution of Czechoslovakia, and several other instances of geographical renaming have all resulted in code changes.
In addition to this list of over 200 NOCs, the participation of National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) at the Paralympic Games requires standardised IOC codes, such as Macau and the Faroe Islands, coded MAC and FRO respectively.[3][4]
Two other significant code changes have occurred, both because of a change in the nation's designation as used by the IOC:
Olympic Games, World War II, Asian Games, Lausanne, Olympic symbols
Cold War, Battle of Stalingrad, Nazi Germany, Battle of the Atlantic, Second Sino-Japanese War
Rome, 1964 Summer Olympics, Italy, Mexico, Olympic Games
2012 Summer Olympics, United States, London, United Kingdom, World War II
Cortina d'Ampezzo, 1952 Winter Olympics, Bobsleigh at the 1956 Winter Olympics, World War II, International Olympic Committee
Mormon Tabernacle Choir, World War II, September 11 attacks, International Olympic Committee, 1984 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles, 1988 Summer Olympics, International Olympic Committee, Soviet Union, 1932 Summer Olympics
Berlin, Adolf Hitler, International Olympic Committee, Netherlands, World War II
Albertville, International Olympic Committee, 1992 Summer Olympics, 1924 Winter Olympics, Freestyle skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics
International Olympic Committee, World War II, 1936 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics, London