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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy.[4]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks union with a neighbouring country.
Northern Epirus[5][6]
Lezgistan
Nagorno-Karabakh
Talysh-Mughan
Brussels-Capital Region
Flemish Region or the Flemish Community (the latter includes Brussels)
German-speaking Community of Belgium
Walloon Region
Republika Srpska
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Istria
Rijeka
Breakaway state:
Northern Cyprus
Moravia
Czech Silesia
Bornholm
Faroe Islands
Åland
Breakaway states:
South Ossetia
Proposed autonomous movements:
Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti
Borchali Azerbaijanis
Bavaria
East Frisia
Franconia[23]
Lusatia
Schleswig-Holstein
Sardinia
South Tyrol
Veneto
See: International recognition of Kosovo
North Kosovo
Latgale
Transnistria
Proposed independent and autonomous movements:
Gagauzia
Taraclia[28]
Frisia
Upper Silesia
Kashubia
Székely Land
Szekler National Council,[36] Hungarian National Council of Transylvania, Liga Pro Europa, a Romanian-Hungarian regionalist NGO.,[35] Provincia, a group of intellectuals promoting regionalization of Romania,[35] Autonomy for Transylvania (AFT) campaign, it demands autonomy for Transylvania.[37] [
Vojvodina
Sandžak
Preševo Valley
Republic of Kosovo
Autonomist movements:
Canary Islands (Main article: Canarian nationalism)
Andalusia (Main article: Andalusian nationalism)
Aragon
Asturias (Main article: Asturian nationalism)
Balearic Islands
Basque Country (autonomous community) (Main article: Basque nationalism)
Cantabria
Catalonia (Catalan independence)
Castile
Galicia (Main article: Galician nationalism)
Geneva
Jura[46]
Ticino
Northern Kurdistan[48]
Federal State of Novorossiya
Disputed status:
Republic of Crimea
City of Sevastopol
Proposed autonomous regions:
Crimea
Subcarpathian Ruthenia
England
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
Wessex[59]
Yorkshire
United Ireland
Scotland
Northern Isles
Orkney
Shetland
Outer Hebrides
Wales
he size of the Greek minority is especially contentious on account of the history of claims to southern Albania made by the Greek government in Athens, and of the substantial support within Greece and among Greeks in Albania, for the establishment of an autonomous district of ‘Northern Epirus’.
"Manifest", Politiskaprogram [Political program] (PDF), AX: Ålands framtid, 2011 .
Belgrade, Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, Albania
United Kingdom, Angles, Cornwall, Isle of Man, English language
Spain, Portuguese language, Lisbon, Porto, Madeira
Nick Clegg, Labour Party (UK), Conservative Party (UK), European Parliament, Plaid Cymru
Russia, Syktyvkar, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Republics of Russia, Unesco
Donetsk People's Republic, BBC News, United Nations, Russian language, Ukrainian language
Anjouan, Copts, Nubia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Rif
European Union, Kosovo, Serbia, European Council, Council of the European Union
Spain, Spanish Empire, Catalonia, Spanish Civil War, Iberian Peninsula