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Timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the Russian Federation.
The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:
This timeline examines scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by any peoples of Russia and its predecessor state, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations, achieved by a national operation, may also may be included in this timeline, in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects. The inventions made abroad by Russian émigrés are not mentioned here.
Baked milk / Ryazhenka
Banya
Blini
Gusli
Izba
Kosovorotka
Lapti
Shchi
Smetana
Architecture of Kievan Rus' The earliest Kievan churches were built and decorated with frescoes and mosaics by Byzantine masters. The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood, while major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes. The 10th-century Church of the Tithes in Kiev was the first to be made of stone.
Kokoshnik
989 Kvass / Okroshka
989 Multidomed church
997 Kissel
Birch bark document
Koch / Icebreaker
Gudok
Medovukha
1048 Russian fist fighting
Pernach
Shashka
Treshchotka
1149 Bear spear
Sokha
Pelmeni
Onion dome
Lapta
Zvonnitsa
Anbur script The alphabet was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm (Степан Храп, св. Стефан Пермский) in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur. The alphabet derived from Cyrillic and Greek, and Komi tribal signs, the latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras, because they were created by incisions, rather than by usual writing. The alphabet was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script. Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for the Russian language.
1376 Sarafan
Bardiche
Boyar hat
Gulyay-gorod
Ukha
Russian oven
Rassolnik
c. 1430 Russian vodka
Kokoshnik (architecture)
1510s Tented roof masonry
1530 Middle Muscovite
Russian abacus
1552 Battery-tower
1561 Saint Basil's Cathedral
1566 Great Abatis Line
1586 Tsar Cannon
Bochka roof
Gorodki
Russian Mountains
Bird of Happiness
Dymkovo toy
Troika
1630 Late Muscovite Russian architecture characterized by many large cathedral-type churches with five onion-like cupolas, surrounding them with tents of bell towers and aisles.
1659 Khokhloma
1685 Tula gingerbread
1688 Balalaika
Glass-holder The podstakannik (Russian: подстаканник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal that holds a drinking glass. The primary purpose of podstakanniki (the plural of podstakannik) is to be able to hold a very hot glass of tea, which is usually consumed right after it is brewed. It is a traditional way of serving and drinking tea in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other post-Soviet states.
1693 Naryshkin Baroque also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.
Table-glass
1704 Decimal currency
1717 Mechanic slide rest
1718 Yacht club
1725 Rebar
1732 Cast iron cupola / Lightning rod
1733 Peter and Paul Cathedral
1735 Tsar Bell
1739 Ice palac
1741 Quick-firing battery
1754 Coaxial rotor / Model helicopter
1757 Licorne (Russian field gun)
1761 Atmosphere of Venus
1762 Off-axis reflecting telescope
1770 Amber Room
1770 Thunder Stone
1776 Orenburg shawl
1778 Russian samovar
The Transportation of the Thunder-stone in the Presence of Catherine II. Engraving by I.F.Schley of the drawing by Yury Felten. 1770.
A typical samovar
1784 Orlov Trotter
Orlov Trotter, considered the fastest for most of the 19th century.
Russian guitar
Valenki
1793 Screw drive elevator
1795 Fedoskino miniature / Russian lacquer art
1796 Peaked cap
A seven-string Russian guitar
Russian soldiers wearing the earlier versions of peaked caps.
1802 Modern powdered mik
1802 Electric arc
1803 Arc welding
1805 Droshky any of various 2 or 4 wheeled, horse-drawn, public carriages (early taxicabs).
Electric arc.
Early 19th Century depiction by Aleksander Orłowski
1811 Sailor cap
1812 Electric mine
1814 Beehive frame
Russian Navy's sailor cap.
Beehive frame filled with honey.
1820s Russian Revival architecture is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture.
1820 Monorail
1825 Zhostovo painting
1828 Electromagnetic telegraph
1829 Three bolt equipment
1832 Unit record equipment
1835 Centrifugal fan
1838 Electrotyping
1839 Electric boat
1839 Galvanoplastic sculpture
The search of data on Semen Korsakov's punched card, a part of the machine called linear homeoscope.
Components of a centrifugal fan.
1847 Field anesthesia
1848 Modern oil well
19th century oil wells near Baku.
1950s Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855–1881), replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon.
1851 Struve Geodetic Arc
1854 Modern field surgery
1857-1861 Theory of chemical structure
1857 Radiator
1858 Saint Isaac's Cathedral
1859 Aluminothermy
An old-style household radiator.
Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
1860s Russian salad
1861 Beef Stroganoff
1864 Modern icebreaker
1869 Periodic table
Russian salad.
Beef Stroganoff.
The gymnasterka was originally introduced into the Tsarist army about 1870 for wear by regiments stationed in Turkestan during the hot summers.[83] It took the form of a loose fitting white linen "shirt-tunic" and included the coloured shoulder-boards of the green tunic worn during the remainder of the year. The gymnasterka was taken into use by all branches of the Imperial Army at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Originally intended for working dress during peace-time and patterned on the traditional Russian peasant smock, the gymnasterka was subsequently adopted for ordinary duties and active service wear. It was worn as such by non-commissioned ranks in summer during the 1890s and early 1900s. The officers' equivalent was a white double breasted tunic or kitel. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 the white gymnasterka with its red or blue shoulder-boards proved too conspicuous against modern weaponry and the garments were often dyed various shades of khaki.[84] The smartness and comfort of the white gymnasterka enabled it to survive for a few more years of peacetime wear until a light khaki version was adopted in 1907-09 and worn during World War I.
1873 Odhner Arithmometer
1873 Armored cruiser
1876 Yablochkov candle
1877 Torpedo boat tender
1877 Tracked wagon
1878 Cylindric oil depot
1879 Modern oil tanker
Gymnasterka of sergeant of Red Army (1935)
right|W. T. Odhner's arithmometer
Yablochkov candles illuminating a music hall in Paris.
An old cylindric oil depot.
1880s Vinogradsky column The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae.
1880 Vitamins (by Nikolai Lunin (Russian World Heritage Encyclopedia article)) [86]
1880 Electric tram
1881 Carbon arc welding
1883 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
1888 Caterpillar farm tractor
1888 Shielded metal arc welding
1888 Photoelectric cell
1888 Three-phase systems
1889 Mosin–Nagant rifle
Electric tram in Saint Petersburg.
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, the world's tallest Orthodox church.
Shielded metal arc welding.
The Mosin–Nagant series of rifles. From top to bottom: Mosin–Nagant M91, Mosin–Nagant M91 "Dragoon", Mosin–Nagant M07 Carbine, Mosin–Nagant M91/30, Mosin–Nagant M91/30 PU Sniper, Mosin–Nagant M38 Carbine, Mosin–Nagant M44 Carbine, Mosin–Nagant M59 Carbine
1890 Matryoshka doll
1890 Chemosynthesis
1891 Thermal cracking
1892 Viruses
1894 Nephoscope
1895 Lightning detector / Radio receiver
1896 Thin-shell structure
1896 Tensile structure
1896 Hyperboloid structure
1897 Gridshell
1898 Polar icebreaker
The original matryoshka carved by Vasily Zvyozdochkin and painted by Sergey Malyutin.
The world's first tensile steel Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1895.
The world's first hyperboloid lattice 37-meter water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1896
1901 Chromatography
1902 Fire fighting foam
1903 Theoretical foundations of spaceflight (by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky)
1903 Cytoskeleton
1903 Motor ship
1904 Foam extinguisher
1905 Auscultatory blood pressure measurement
1905 Korotkov sounds
1905 Insubmersibility
1906 Electric seismometer
1907 Aerosan / Snowmobile
1907 Bayan
1907 Church of the Savior on Blood
A modern foam fire extinguisher.
Aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope, used for auscultatory blood pressure measurement.
Bayan accordion.
1911 CRT television
1911 Knapsack parachute
1911 Hafnium (claimed by Vladimir Vernadsky and Georges Urbain (independently))
1911 Stanislavski's system is a progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Constantin Stanislavski from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage.
1912 Drogue parachute
1913 Airliner
1913 Half-track
1914 Gyrocar
1914 Tachanka
1914 Strategic bomber
1914 Aerial ramming
1915 Activated charcoal gas mask
1915 Vezdekhod
1915 Tsar Tank
1916 Lunar orbit rendezvous (by Yury Kondratyuk)
1916 Trans-Siberian Railway
cathode ray tube
Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention, the knapsack parachute.
Shilovsky's gyrocar in 1914, presented in London.
A modern Russian gas mask.
The Tsar Tank.
1918 Budenovka
1918 Ushanka
1919 Theremin
The later version of the Soviet Army ushanka.
Lydia Kavina playing theremin.
1920s Chapayev (game)
1920s Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose.
1923 Palekh miniature
1924 Optophonic Piano
1924 Primordial soup theory (by Aleksandr Oparin)
1925 Interlace
1926 Graphical sound (Pavel Tager, 1926 and Aleksandr Shorin, 1927)
1927 Light-emitting diode
1927 Po-2
1928 Rabbage
1929 Cadaveric blood transfusion
1929 Pobedit
1929 Teletank / Military robot
Troika with wolves, an example of Palekh miniature.
Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik.
Soviet TT-26 teletank, the first military robot.
Spring-loaded camming device
Abalakov thread
Electric propulsion
1930 Paratrooping
1931 Pressure suit
1931 Hypergolic propellant
1931 Rhythmicon / Drum machine
1931 Flame tank (KhT-26)
1932 Postconstructivism was a transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II.
1932 Children's railway
1932 Terpsitone
1932 Underwater welding
1934 Tupolev ANT-20
1934 Cherenkov detector
1935 Kirza
1935 Moscow Metro
1935 Kremlin stars
1936 Smokejumping [105]
1937 Superfluidity (by Pyotr Kapitsa, with John F. Allen and Don Misener)
1937 Drag chute
1937 Manned drifting ice station
1937 Welded sculpture
1937 Fire-fighting sport
1938 Deep column station
1938 Sambo
1939 Kirlian photography
1939 Ilyushin Il-2
1939 Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher
Spring-loaded camming device in a parallel crack.
Pressure suit.
A modern underwater welding.
Tupolev ANT-20 propaganda aircraft.
Kirza boots.
Ivan Papanin on the North Pole-1 drifting ice station.
Sport sambo
Kirlian photo of two coins.
1940s TRIZ
1940 T-34
1941 Competitive rhythmic gymnastics
1941 Maksutov telescope
1941 Degaussing
1942 Winged tank
1942 Gramicidin S
1944 EPR spectroscopy
1945 T-54/55
1945 Passive resonant cavity bug
1947 Modern multistage rocket (by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky)
1947 MiG-15
1947 AK-47
1947 Light beam microphone The technique of using a light beam to remotely record sound probably originated with Léon Theremin in the Soviet Union at or before 1947, when he developed and used the Buran eavesdropping system. This worked by using a low power infrared beam (not a laser) from a distance to detect the sound vibrations in the glass windows. Lavrentiy Beria, head of the KGB, had used this Buran device to spy on the U.S., British, and French embassies in Moscow
1949 Staged combustion cycle
T-34, the most successful tank design of World War II.
A 150mm aperture Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope.
Antonov A-40 winged tank.
Front view of a MiG-15.
A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation
1950s Magnetotellurics
1950 Berkovich tip
1951 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
1951 Explosively pumped flux compression generator
1952 Masers
1952 Vysotka
1952 Carbon nanotubes
1952 Anthropometric cosmetology or Ilizarov apparatus
1954 Nuclear power plant
1955 Stalinist architecture also referred to as Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin.
1955 MiG-21
1955 Ballistic missile submarine
1955 Fast-neutron reactor
1955 Leningrad Metro
1955 Tokamak
1957 ANS synthesizer
1957 Synchrophasotron
1957 Spaceport
1957 Intercontinental ballistic missile
1957 Orbital space rocket
1957 Satellite
1957 Space capsule
1957 Raketa hydrofoil
1958 Modern ternary computer
1959 Nuclear icebreaker
1959 Space probe
1959 Missile boat
1959 Staged combustion cycle
A Berkovich tip.
Inside a carbon nanotube.
An Ilizarov apparatus treating a fractured tibia and fibula.
BN350 nuclear fast reactor.
Tokamak magnetic field and plasma current.
Baikonur Cosmodrome's "Gagarin's Start" Soyuz launch pad prior to the rollout of Soyuz TMA-13, October 10, 2008.
The large-size model of R-7 Semyorka, the first ICBM and the first orbital rocket.
Sputnik 1 replica.
Raketa-234 on the Volga River.
A Komar class missile boat launching a missile.
Setun ternary computer.
Lenin, the first nuclear icebreaker
Staged combustion rocket cycle.
1960s Rocket boots
1960 Reentry capsule
1961 Human spaceflight
1961 RPG-7
1961 Lawrencium (co-discovered (Dubna Nuclear Research Institute and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory))
1961 Anti-ballistic missile
1961 Space food
1961 Space suit
1961 Tsar Bomb
1961 Platform screen doors
1961 Ekranoplan
1961 Mil Mi-8
1962 3D holography
1964 Rutherfordium
1964 Druzhba pipeline
1964 Plasma propulsion engine
1964 Kardashyov scale
1965 Extra-vehicular activity
1965 Molniya orbit satellite
1965 Proton rocket
1965 Air-augmented rocket
1966 Nobelium
1966 Lander spacecraft
1966 Orbiter
1966Caspian Sea Monster the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft
1966 Soyuz rocket
1966 Orbital module
1967 Space toilet
1967 Ostankino Tower
1967 The Motherland Calls
1967 Computer for operations with functions
1967 Automated space docking
1967 Venus lander
1968 Dubnium
1968 Mil Mi-12
1968 Supersonic transport
1969 Intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile
tAn RPG-7 with warhead, world's most used anti-tank weapon.
The model of Vostok spacecraft, the first human spaceflight module.
Russian space food.
A Tsar Bomba-type casing on display at Sarov.
Mil Mi-8, the world's most produced helicopter.
Molniya 1 satellite.
Launch of a Proton rocket.
Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version).
Mil Mi-12, the world's largest helicopter.
Semiconductor Heterostructures
1970s Radial keratotomy
1970 Robotic sample return
1970 Space rover
1971 Space station
1972 Hall effect thruster
1972 Nuclear desalination
1973 Reflectron
1974 Electron cooling
1975 Underwater assault rifle
1975 Arktika class icebreaker
1975 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
1976 Mobile ICBM
1977 Vertical launching system
1977 Kirov class battlecruiser
1978 Unmanned resupply spacecraft
1978 Active protection system
1979Space-based radio telescope [120]
Schematic diagram of the radial keratotomy with incisions shown.
Lunokhod 1, the first space exploration rover.
Hall effect thrusters.
BN350 desalination unit, the first nuclear-heated desalination unit in the world.
APS underwater assault rifle.
NS Arktika, the first surface ship to reach the North Pole.
AK-630M-2 Duet CIWS in a low-RCS turret.
RT-2PM Topol, the first reliable mobile ICBM.
Kirov class battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev.
Kalina cycle was invented and patented in the 1980s by Russian engineer Alexander Kalina. His invention included the first time development of a contiguous set of ammonia-water mixture thermodynamic properties, which provide the basis for unique power plant designs for different forms of power generation from different heat sources.[121]
1980s EHF therapy
1980 Typhoon class submarine
1981 Quantum dot
1981 Tupolev Tu-160
1982 Helicopter ejection seat
1984 Tetris
1986 Modular space station
1987 MIR submersible
1987 RD-170 rocket engine
1988 Buran
1988 An-225
1989 Kola Superdeep Borehole
1989 Supermaneuverability
Typhoon class submarine, covered with ice.
Tetris figures.
Mir space station.
Russian Space shuttle Buran on launch pad 110/37 in 1988
A Su-27 performing the Cobra maneuver.
1991 Thermoplan
1991 Scramjet
RD-180 Engine
1992 Znamya (space mirror)
1992 Nuclotron
1993 RAR
1997 Two-level single-vault transfer station
1998 Beriev Be-200
1998 Submarine-launched spacecraft
1999 Sea Launch
1999 Flerovium
Beriev Be-200 dropping the water painted into the colors of the flag of Russia.
A launch of Zenit 3SL rocket from the Sea Launch platform Ocean Odyssey, originally built in Japan as oil platform, and then modified by Norway and Russia for space launches.
2000s Heterotransistor (by Zhores Alfyorov with Herbert Kroemer)
2000 Livermorium
2000 Abstract state machine
2001 Space tourism
2001 Mirny Mine
2001 Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
2003 Park Pobedy metro escalators
2004 Graphene
2005 Orbitrap
2007 NS 50 Let Pobedy
2007 Father of all bombs
NS 50 Let Pobedy, the world's largest icebreaker.
Ion trajectories in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer.
2010 Chatroulette
2011 Nuclear power station barge
2011 Nord Stream
2012 Russky Island Bridge
Russian language, Soviet Union, Russia, Russian Empire, Saint Petersburg