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Near-open central vowel

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Title: Near-open central vowel  
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Near-open central vowel

Near-open central vowel
ɐ
IPA number 324
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɐ
Unicode (hex) U+0250
X-SAMPA 6
Kirshenbaum &"
Braille ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)
Sound
 ·

The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter a.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Contents

  • Features 1
  • Occurrence 2
  • See also 3
  • Notes 4
  • References 5

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
ʊ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•e̞ø̞
•əɵ̞
•ɤ̞o̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
ɐ
•aɶ
•äɒ̈
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
 •  • chart •  chart with audio •

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans[1][2] dak [dɐk] 'roof' See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic[3] قطة [qɐtˤ.tˤɐ] 'cat' Allophone of long and short /a/ for Persian Gulf speakers. See Arabic phonology
Bulgarian ъгъл [ˈɤ̞ɡɐɫ] 'angle'
Catalan Barcelona
metropolitan area[4][5] 		emmagatzemar [ɐm(ː)ɐɰɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] 'to store' Corresponds to [ə] in other dialects. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 心/ sam1 [sɐm˥] 'heart' See Cantonese phonology
Danish Standard[6][7][8][9] ånd [ɐ̠nˀ] 'spirit' Somewhat retracted and somewhat rounded. Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʌ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dawsahak [nɐ] 'to give'
Dutch Limburg letter [ˈlɛtɐ] 'letter' Corresponds to /ər/ in standard Dutch.
Eastern
Flemish Brabant
The Hague
Twente
English California[10] nut [nɐt] 'nut' ⟨ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel. For most Australians it is fully open [ä], the same is true for some South Africans. In New Zealand it may be fronted [ɐ̟] or somewhat lower [ä].[11] See English phonology
Cultivated Australian
New Zealand[11][12]
Received Pronunciation[13]
South African
Scottish[14] stack [stɐ̟k] 'stack' Fronted; corresponds to [æ] in other dialects, and also [ɑː] in some other dialects.
Cockney[15][16] stuck 'stuck' Fronted; may be [a] instead.
Inland Northern American[17] bet [bɐt] 'bet' Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift.
German Standard[18] oder     'or' Allophone of /ər/ used in many dialects. See German phonology
Greek[19] ακακία/akakía [ɐkɐˈci.ɐ] 'acacia' Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨a⟩. See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustani[20] दस/دَس [ˈd̪ɐs] 'ten' Common realization of /ə/.[20] See Hindustani phonology
Kaingang[21] [ˈᵑɡɐ] 'terra' Varies between central [ɐ] and back [ɑ].[22]
Korean[23] 발/bal [pɐl] 'foot' Somewhat lowered. Typically transcribed as /a/. See Korean phonology
Lombard Sant [ˈsɐnt] 'saint'
Luxembourgish[24] Mauer [ˈmɑʊ̯ɐ̠] 'wall' Somewhat retracted. Allophone of word-final /əʀ/.
Norwegian Bergensk kor [kʰɔɐ̯] 'where' Stigmatized realization of coda /r/. See Norwegian phonology
Sandnes-mål[25] baden [ˈbɐːdən] 'child'
Portuguese Fluminense açúcar [ɐˈsukɐχ] 'sugar' In complementary distribution with [a].[26] Raised to [ɜ ~ ɜ̝] in other variants, and in many contexts (particularly if nasalized). See Portuguese phonology
General Brazilian[26] aranha-marrom [ɐˈɾɜ̃j̃ə mɐˈχõ̞ː] 'recluse spider'
European[27] pão [pɐ̃w̃] 'bread' Stressed vowel, mostly as a phonemic nasal vowel (when not followed by a nasal stop). Raised otherwise.
Romanian Moldavian dialects[28] bărbat [bɐrbat] 'man' Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[29] голова     'head' Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Slovene Standard[30][31] brat [bɾɐ́t̪] 'brother' Corresponds to short /a/ in traditional pronunciation.[31] See Slovene phonology
Ukrainian дитина [dɪ'tɪnɐ] 'child' Unstressed allophone of /ɑ/. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[32] pjasć [ˈpʲɐst͡ʃ] 'fist' Allophone of /a/ after soft consonants.[32] See Upper Sorbian phonology
Vietnamese[33] chếch [cɐ̆jk̚] 'askance' Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ə̆⟩. See Vietnamese phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lass (1984), pp. 76, 93–94 and 105.
  2. ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 18.
  3. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 39.
  4. ^ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  5. ^ Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
  6. ^ Grønnum (1998), pp. 100.
  7. ^ Grønnum (2005), pp. 268.
  8. ^ Grønnum (2003).
  9. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
  10. ^ Ladefoged (1999), p. ?.
  11. ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  12. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  13. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
  14. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  15. ^ Wells (1982), p. 305.
  16. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  17. ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013 
  18. ^ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
  19. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
  20. ^ a b Ohala (1999), p. 102.
  21. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677 and 682.
  22. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676 and 682.
  23. ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
  24. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  25. ^ Ims (2010), p. 14.
  26. ^ a b Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
  27. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–92.
  28. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  29. ^ Padgett & Tabain (2005), p. 16.
  30. ^ Jurgec (2007), p. 2.
  31. ^ a b Jurgec (2005), pp. 9 and 12.
  32. ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 31.
  33. ^ Hoang (1965:24)

References

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208,  
  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232,  
  •  
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English",  
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94,  
  • Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans,  
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74,  
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105,  
  • Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand? 
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,  
  • Harrison, Phil (1997), The Relative Complexity of Catalan Vowels and Their Perceptual Correlates (PDF), UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 9 
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College 
  • Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press 
  • Ims, Charlotte Sol (2010), Sandnes i skyggen av Stavanger - en sociolingvistisk undersøkelse av Sandnes-mål med utgangspunkt i utvalgte språklige variabler (PDF), Adger: Universitetet i Adger 
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685 
  • Jurgec, Peter (2007), Schwa in Slovenian is Epenthetic, Berlin 
  • Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W (2004), Upton, Clive, ed., A handbook of varieties of English, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter 
  •  
  • Lass, Roger (1984), "Vowel System Universals and Typology: Prologue to Theory",  
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122,  
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden,  
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University 
  • Ohala, Manjari (1999), "Hindi", in International Phonetic Association, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–103,  
  • Padgett, Jaye; Tabain, Marija (2005), "Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian" (PDF), Phonetica 62 (1): 14–54,  
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj 
  • Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (in Catalan) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans,  
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing 
  • Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers 
  • Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina 
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41,  
  •  
 
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