Periodic table (large cells)

This page shows large-cell versions of the periodic table. For each element name, symbol, atomic number, and mean atomic mass value for the natural isotopic composition of each element are shown. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements.

The two layout forms originate from two graphic forms of presentation of the same periodic table. Historically, when the f-block was identified it was drawn below the existing table, with markings for its in-table location (this page uses dots or asterisks). Also, a common presentation is to put all 15 lanthanide and actinide columns below, while the f-block only has 14 columns. The fifteenth (rightmost) lanthanide and actinide are d-block elements, belonging to group 3, with scandium and ytterbium.

Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.^[1]

The periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, biology, engineering, and industry. The current standard table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 10 March 2010.

18-column layout

Periodic table (18-column layout)
Group →	1	2		3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
	Alkali metal	Alkaline earth metal												Boron group	Carbon group	Pnictogen	Chalcogen	Halogen	Noble gas
CAS:	IA	IIA		IIIB	IVB	VB	VIB	VIIB	VIIIB			IB	IIB	IIIA	IVA	VA	VIA	VIIA	VIIIA
old IUPAC:	IA	IIA		IIIA	IVA	VA	VIA	VIIA	VIII			IB	IIB	IIIB	IVB	VB	VIB	VIIB	0
↓ Period 1	Hydrogen 1 H 1.00794(7)	→ name of element atomic number chemical symbol relative atomic mass																	Helium 2 He 4.002602(2)
2	Lithium 3 Li 6.941(2)	Beryllium 4 Be 9.012182(3)												Boron 5 B 10.811(7)	Carbon 6 C 12.0107(8)	Nitrogen 7 N 14.0067(2)	Oxygen 8 O 15.9994(3)	Fluorine 9 F 18.9984032(5)	Neon 10 Ne 20.1797(6)
3	Sodium 11 Na 22.98976928(2)	Magnesium 12 Mg 24.3050(6)												Aluminium 13 Al 26.9815386(8)	Silicon 14 Si 28.0855(3)	Phosphorus 15 P 30.973762(2)	Sulfur 16 S 32.065(5)	Chlorine 17 Cl 35.453(2)	Argon 18 Ar 39.948(1)
4	Potassium 19 K 39.0983(1)	Calcium 20 Ca 40.078(4)		Scandium 21 Sc 44.955912(6)	Titanium 22 Ti 47.867(1)	Vanadium 23 V 50.9415(1)	Chromium 24 Cr 51.9961(6)	Manganese 25 Mn 54.938045(5)	Iron 26 Fe 55.845(2)	Cobalt 27 Co 58.933195(5)	Nickel 28 Ni 58.6934(4)	Copper 29 Cu 63.546(3)	Zinc 30 Zn 65.38(2)	Gallium 31 Ga 69.723(1)	Germanium 32 Ge 72.63(1)	Arsenic 33 As 74.92160(2)	Selenium 34 Se 78.96(3)	Bromine 35 Br 79.904(1)	Krypton 36 Kr 83.798(2)
5	Rubidium 37 Rb 85.4678(3)	Strontium 38 Sr 87.62(1)		Yttrium 39 Y 88.90585(2)	Zirconium 40 Zr 91.224(2)	Niobium 41 Nb 92.90638(2)	Molybdenum 42 Mo 95.96(2)	Technetium 43 Tc [98]	Ruthenium 44 Ru 101.07(2)	Rhodium 45 Rh 102.90550(2)	Palladium 46 Pd 106.42(1)	Silver 47 Ag 107.8682(2)	Cadmium 48 Cd 112.411(8)	Indium 49 In 114.818(3)	Tin 50 Sn 118.710(7)	Antimony 51 Sb 121.760(1)	Tellurium 52 Te 127.60(3)	Iodine 53  I  126.90447(3)	Xenon 54 Xe 131.293(6)
6	Caesium 55 Cs 132.9054519(2)	Barium 56 Ba 137.327(7)	57–70	Lutetium 71 Lu 174.9668(1)	Hafnium 72 Hf 178.49(2)	Tantalum 73 Ta 180.94788(2)	Tungsten 74 W 183.84(1)	Rhenium 75 Re 186.207(1)	Osmium 76 Os 190.23(3)	Iridium 77 Ir 192.217(3)	Platinum 78 Pt 195.084(9)	Gold 79 Au 196.966569(4)	Mercury 80 Hg 200.59(2)	Thallium 81 Tl 204.3833(2)	Lead 82 Pb 207.2(1)	Bismuth 83 Bi 208.98040(1)	Polonium 84 Po [209]	Astatine 85 At [210]	Radon 86 Rn [222]
7	Francium 87 Fr [223]	Radium 88 Ra [226]	89–102	Lawrencium 103 Lr [266]	Rutherfordium 104 Rf [267]	Dubnium 105 Db [268]	Seaborgium 106 Sg [269]	Bohrium 107 Bh [270]	Hassium 108 Hs [269]	Meitnerium 109 Mt [278]	Darmstadtium 110 Ds [281]	Roentgenium 111 Rg [281]	Copernicium 112 Cn [285]	Ununtrium 113 Uut [286]	Flerovium 114 Fl [289]	Ununpentium 115 Uup [289]	Livermorium 116 Lv [293]	Ununseptium 117 Uus [294]	Ununoctium 118 Uuo [294]
			Lanthanum 57 La 138.90547(7)	Cerium 58 Ce 140.116(1)	Praseodymium 59 Pr 140.90765(2)	Neodymium 60 Nd 144.242(3)	Promethium 61 Pm [145]	Samarium 62 Sm 150.36(2)	Europium 63 Eu 151.964(1)	Gadolinium 64 Gd 157.25(3)	Terbium 65 Tb 158.92535(2)	Dysprosium 66 Dy 162.500(1)	Holmium 67 Ho 164.93032(2)	Erbium 68 Er 167.259(3)	Thulium 69 Tm 168.93421(2)	Ytterbium 70 Yb 173.054(5)
			Actinium 89 Ac [227]	Thorium 90 Th 232.03806(2)	Protactinium 91 Pa 231.03588(2)	Uranium 92 U 238.02891(3)	Neptunium 93 Np [237]	Plutonium 94 Pu [244]	Americium 95 Am [243]	Curium 96 Cm [247]	Berkelium 97 Bk [247]	Californium 98 Cf [251]	Einsteinium 99 Es [252]	Fermium 100 Fm [257]	Mendelevium 101 Md [258]	Nobelium 102 No [259]

32-column layout

References

Notes