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Pope Celestine III (Latin: Caelestinus III; ca. 1106 – 8 January 1198), born Giacinto Bobone,[1] reigned from 21 March 1191 to his death in 1198. He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome, though he was only a cardinal deacon before becoming pope.[2] He was ordained a priest on 13 April 1191, ruled the church six years, nine months, and nine days before he died aged 92. He was buried at the Lateran.
Considered by the Curia as an expert on Spain, Giacinto conducted two legatine missions to Spain in (1154–55) and (1172–75) as Cardinal Deacon of St. Maria at Cosmedin.[3]
He crowned the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI on the day after his election in 1191 with a ceremony symbolizing his absolute supremacy, as described by Roger of Hoveden. He subsequently excommunicated the same Henry VI for wrongfully keeping King Richard I of England in prison.[4] He placed Pisa under an interdict, which was lifted by his successor Innocent III in 1198.[5] He condemned King Alfonso IX of León for his marriage to Theresa of Portugal on the grounds of consanguinity. Then, in 1196, he excommunicated him for making peace with the Muslims while making war on Castile. Following his marriage with Berengaria of Castile, Celestine excommunicated Alfonso and placed an interdict over León.[6]
In 1198, he confirmed the statutes of the Teutonic Knights as a military order.[7]
He would have resigned the papacy and recommended a successor (Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo, OSB) shortly before his death, but was not allowed to do so by the cardinals.
initial text from the 9th edition (1876) of an old encyclopedia
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