Rahul Sankrityayan

Rahul Sankrityayan
A sketch of Sankrityayan
Born	(1893-04-09)9 April 1893 Kanaila Village, Azamgarh District, Uttar Pradesh, British India
Died	14 April 1963(1963-04-14) (aged 70) Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
Occupation	Writer, essayist, scholar, sociology, indian nationalist, history, Indology, philosophy, Buddhism, Tibetology, Lexicography, Grammar, Textual Editing, Folklore, Science, drama, Politics, Polymath, Polyglot
Nationality	Indian
Notable awards	1958: Sahitya Akademi Award 1963: Padma Bhushan

Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan (9 April 1893 – 14 April 1963), who is called the Father of Hindi Travel literature, was one of the most widely travelled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home.^[1] He became a Buddhist monk (Bauddha Bhikkhu) and eventually took up Marxist Socialism.^[1] Sankrityayan was also an Indian nationalist, having been arrested and jailed for three years for creating anti-British writings and speeches.^[1] He is referred to as the 'Greatest Scholar' (Mahapandit) for his scholarship.^[1] He was both a polymath as well as a polyglot.^[1] The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1963.^[2]

Childhood

He was born as Kedarnath Pandey on 9 April 1893 in Azamgarh district, in Eastern Uttar Pradesh in a Bhumihar Brahmin family. He received formal schooling at a local primary school, though he later studied and mastered numerous languages independently, as well as the art of photography.

Philosophy of his Life

Rahul was born in an upper caste traditional family of Pandaha.His ancestral title was Pandey.In his initial days he was a keen follower of Arya Samaj of Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Budhism came to him and changed his life.He lost faith in God's existence but still retained faith in reincarnation. Later he moved towards Marxist Socialism and concept of reincarnation,afterlife also left him. The 2 volumes of Darshan-Digdarshan, the collected history of World's Philosophy gives an indication of his philosophy when we find the second volume much dedicated to Dharmakirti's Pramana Vartika.This he discovered in Tibetan translation from Tibet.

Travels

His travels took him to different parts of India,& all over the world including Ladakh, Kinnaur, and Kashmir. He also travelled to several other countries including Nepal, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Iran, China, and the former Soviet Union. He spent several years in the "Parsa Gadh" village in the Saran District in Bihar. The village's entry gate is named "Rahul Gate". While travelling, he mostly used surface transport, and he went to certain countries clandestinely; he entered Tibet as a Buddhist monk. He made several trips to Tibet and brought valuable paintings and Pali and Sanskrit manuscripts back to India. Most of these formed a part of the libraries of Vikramshila and Nalanda Universities. These objects had been taken to Tibet by fleeing Buddhist monks during the twelfth and subsequent centuries when the invading Muslim armies had destroyed universities in India. Some accounts state that Rahul Sankrityayan employed twenty-two mules to bring these materials from Tibet to India. Patna Museum, Patna, has a special section of these materials in his honour, where a number of these and other items have been displayed.

Books

Sankrityayan was a multilingual linguist, well versed in several languages and dialects, including Hindi, Sanskrit, Pali, Bhojpuri, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Tamil, Kannada, Tibetan, Sinhalese, French and Russian.^[1] He was also an Indologist, a Marxist theoretician, and a creative writer.^[1] He started writing during his twenties and his works, totalling well over 100, covered a variety of subjects, including sociology, history, philosophy, Buddhism, Tibetology, lexicography, grammar, textual editing, folklore, science, drama, and politics.^[1] Many of these were unpublished.^[1] He translated Majjhima Nikaya from Prakrit into Hindi.^[1]

Rahulji's Tombstone at Darjeeling.This tombstone is established at a place called "Murda Haati" which is a cremation ground downtown in the lower altitudes of Darjeeling around 25 minutes drive from the ChowRasta.The same place also has the tombstone of Sister Nivedita.

One of his most famous books in Hindi is Volga Se Ganga (A journey from the Volga to the Ganges) – a work of historical fiction concerning the migration of Aryans from the steppes of the Eurasia to regions around the Volga river; then their movements across the Hindukush and the Himalayas and the sub-Himalayan regions; and their spread to the Indo-Gangetic plains of the subcontinent of India. The book begins in 6000 BC and ends in 1942, the year when Mahatma Gandhi, the Indian nationalist leader called for the quit India movement.

This book was translated by K.N. Muthiya-Tamilputhakalayam in Tamil as Valgavil irundu gangai varai and is still considered a best-seller. The Kannada translation done by B.N Sharma as "Volga Ganga" . The Telugu translation (Volga nunchi Ganga ku) inspired many readers. Volga muthal Ganga vare, the Malayalam translation, became immensely popular among the young intellectuals of Kerala and it continues to be one of the most influential books of its times. The Bengali version is Volga Theke Ganaga [ভোল্গা থেকে গঙ্গা], which is still acclaimed by the critics.

More than ten of his books have been translated and published in Bengali. Mahapandit was awarded the Padmabhushan in 1963,^[3] and he received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1958 for his book Madhya Asia ka Itihaas.

He maintained daily diaries in Sanskrit which were used fully while writing his autobiography. In spite of profound scholarship, he wrote in very simple Hindi that a common person could follow. He wrote books of varied interest. He was aware of limitations of Hindi literature and singularly made up the loss in no small measure.

The historian Kashi Prasad Jayaswal compared Rahul Sankrityayan with Buddha. Rahul's personality was as impressive and memorable as are his achievements. He travelled widely and wrote in five languages – Hindi, Sanskrit, Bhojpuri, Pāli and Tibetan. His published works span a range of genres, which include autobiography, biography, travelogue, sociology, history, philosophy, Buddhism, Tibetology, lexicography, grammar, text editing, folklore, science, fiction, drama, essays, politics, and pamphleteering.

Soviet Union

Although he had little formal education, in view of his knowledge and command over the subject, University of Leningrad appointed him Professor of Indology in 1937–38 and again in 1947–48.

Contributions

Many of Rahul's personal collections including the ones he gathered from his multiple trips to Tibet were distributed across to multiple Universities and Museums. Patna Museum has an extensive collection of Budhist scrolls which he assimilated through his journeys across Tibet.Many of these are rare gems of Indian scriptures translated into Tibetan.

Personal life and family

Rahul was married when very young and never came to know anything of his child-wife,Santoshi.Probably he saw her only once in his 40s as per his autobiography:Meri Jivan Yatra. During his stay in Soviet Russia a second time, accepting an invitation for teaching Buddhism at Leningrad University, he came in contact with a Mongolian scholar Lola (Ellena Narvertovna Kozerovskaya). She could speak French, English, and Russian and write Sanskrit. She helped him in working on Tibetan- Sanskrit dictionary. Their attachment ended in marriage and birth of son Igor. Mother and son were not allowed to accompany Rahul to India after completion of his assignment. It was Stalin's Russia.

Late in life, he married Dr. Kamala, an Indian Nepali lady and had a daughter (Jaya) and a son (Jeta).Jeta is now a professor at North Bengal University in the field of Economics and Jaya lives now at Dehradun as per sources.

Death

Rahul accepted a teaching job at a Sri Lankan University, where he fell seriously ill. Diabetes, high blood pressure and a mild stroke struck him. Most tragic happening was the loss of memory. He breathed his last in Darjeeling in 1963.

His last residence at Darjeeling was at 21 Kacheri Road: Rahul Nivas.

Rahul Nivas on September 2015

Awards

Gallery

Rahulji's Museum Picture Gallery at his Birthplace Pandaha.

Works

In Hindi

Novels

• Beesween Sadi – 1923
• Jeeney ke Liye – 1940
• Simha Senapathi – 1944
• Jai Yaudheya – 1944
• Bhago Nahin, Duniya ko Badlo – 1944
• Madhur Swapna – 1949
• Rajasthani Ranivas – 1953
• Vismrit Yatri – 1954
• Divodas – 1960
• Vismriti Ke Garbh Me

Short Stories

• Satmi ke Bachche – 1935
• Volga Se Ganga – 1944
• Bahurangi Madhupuri – 1953
• Kanaila ki Katha – 1955–56

Autobiography

• Meri Jivan Yatra I – 1944
• Meri Jivan Yatra II – 1950
• Meri Jivan Yatra III, IV, V – published posthumously

Biography

• Sardar Prithvi Singh – 1955
• Naye Bharat ke Naye Neta (2 volumes) – 1942
• Bachpan ki Smritiyan – 1953
• Ateet se Vartaman (Vol I) – 1953
• Stalin – 1954
• Lenin – 1954
• Karl Marx – 1954
• Mao-Tse-Tung – 1954
• Ghumakkar Swami – 1956
• Mere Asahayog ke Sathi – 1956
• Jinka Main Kritajna – 1956
• Vir Chandrasingh Garhwali – 1956
• Simhala Ghumakkar Jaivardhan – 1960
• Kaptan Lal – 1961
• Simhal ke Vir Purush – 1961
• Mahamanav Budha – 1956

Some of his other books are:-

• Mansik Gulami
• Rhigvedic Arya
• Ghumakkar Shastra
• Kinnar desh mein
• Darshan Digdarshan
• Dakkhini Hindi ka Vyaakaran
• Puratatv Nibandhawali
• Manava Samaj
• Madhya Asia ka Itihas
• Samyavad hi Kyon

In Bhojpuri

• Teen Natak – 1942
• Panch Natak – 1942

In Nepali (Translation)

• Bauddhadharnma Darshan – 1984

Related to Tibetan

• Tibbati Bal-Siksha – 1933
• Pathavali (Vol. 1,2 & 3) – 1933
• Tibbati Vyakaran (Tibetan Grammar) – 1933
• Tibbat May Budh Dharm-1948
• Lhasa ki or
• Himalaya Parichay Bhag 1
• Himalaya Parichay Bhag 2

See also

• Hindi literature

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Sharma, R.S. (2009).  
2. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015. 
3. ^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013)" (PDF).  

References

• Ram Sharan Sharma, Rahul Sankrityayan and Social Change, Indian History Congress, 1993.
• Himalayan Buddhism, Past and Present: Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan centenary volume by D. C. Ahir (ISBN 978-81-7030-370-1)
• Prabhakar Machwe: "Rahul Sankrityayan" New Delhi 1978: Sahitya Akademi. [A short biography including a list of Sankrityayan's works]
• Bharati Puri, Traveller on the Silk Road: Rites and Routes of Passage in Rahul Sankrityayan’s Himalayan Wanderlust, China Report (Sage: New Delhi),February 2011, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 37–58.

External links

• A commemorative postage stamp on Rahul Sankrityayan issued by the Govt. of India

Notable Hindi writers 1900-1950 Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Acharya Shivpujan Sahay Bhadant Anand Kausalyan Bharatendu Harishchandra Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh Harivansh Rai Bachchan Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Jaishankar Prasad Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi Maithili Sharan Gupt Makhanlal Chaturvedi Mahadevi Varma Nagarjun Nathuram Sharma 'Shankar' Nalin Vilochan Sharma Phanishwar Nath 'Renu' Premchand Rahul Sankrityayan Rambriksh Benipuri Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' Sachchidananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya' Shivmangal Singh Suman Subhadra Kumari Chauhan Sumitranandan Pant Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' 1950 onwards Acharya Kuber Nath Rai Amar Kant Bhisham Sahni Dharamvir Bharati Dushyant Kumar Kamleshwar Kedarnath Singh Krishna Sobti Kunwar Narayan Maitreyi Pushpa Mohan Rakesh Mridula Sinha Naresh Mehta Nirmal Verma Pankaj Rag Shivani Siyaram Tiwari Sri Lal Sukla Viveki Rai  • List of authors  • List of poets  • Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi