Ski jumping

Ski Jumping

Vikersundbakken in Modum, Norway is the world's largest ski jumping hill. (Picture taken before it was redesigned in 2010/2011)
Highest governing body	International Ski Federation
First played	1808 Eidsberg, Norway
Characteristics
Team members	Individual or groups
Presence
Olympic	Since the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924

Ski jumping facility in Einsiedeln, Switzerland

The Ski Jumping Complex in Pragelato during the 2006 Winter Olympics of Turin.

Matti Nykänen ski jumping hill (K100) and a smaller K64 hill in Jyväskylä, Finland.

Ski jumping is a form of nordic skiing in which athletes descend a take-off ramp, called in inrun, jump, and fly as far as possible. Points are awarded for distance and style. Competition is sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS). Skis are wide and long (260 to 275 centimetres (102 to 108 in)). Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, and has been part of the Winter Olympic Games since their inception in 1924.^[1] It can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces.

Ski jumping, with cross-country skiing is one of the two sports in Nordic combined.

History

Ski jumping as a sport originated in

References

• List of FIS Ski-Flying World Cup winners
• List of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup team medalists
• List of the longest ski jumps
• Medicinernes Skiklub Svartor

See also

Rank	Nation	Record holder	Length	Venue	Year	Source
1.	Norway	Johan Remen Evensen	246.5 metres (809 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[39]
2.	Slovenia	Robert Kranjec	244.0 metres (800.5 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[39]
3.	Austria	Gregor Schlierenzauer	243.5 metres (799 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[39]
4.	Finland	Janne Happonen	240.0 metres (787.4 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[39]
	Japan	Daiki Ito		Vikersund	2012	[39]
6.	Switzerland	Simon Ammann	238.5 metres (782 ft)	Vikersund	2011	[39]
7.	Czech Republic	Antonín Hájek	236.0 metres (774.3 ft)	Planica	2010	[39]
8.	Poland	Piotr Żyła	232.5 metres (763 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[39]
		Kamil Stoch		Vikersund	2013	[39]
9.	Russia	Denis Kornilov	232.0 metres (761.2 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[39]
10.	Germany	Michael Neumayer	231.0 metres (757.9 ft)	Vikersund	2013	[39]
11.	France	Vincent Descombes Sevoie	225.0 metres (738.2 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[39]
12.	United States	Alan Alborn	221.5 metres (727 ft)	Planica	2002	[39]
13.	Italy	Andrea Morassi	216.5 metres (710 ft)	Planica	2012	[39]
14.	Bulgaria	Vladimir Zografski	213.5 metres (700 ft)	Planica	2013	[39]
15.	Sweden	Isak Grimholm	207.5 metres (681 ft)	Planica	2007	[39]
	South Korea	Choi Heung-Chul		Planica	2008	[39]
17.	Canada	Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes	205.0 metres (672.6 ft)	Harrachov	2013	[39]
18.	Estonia	Kaarel Nurmsalu	204.0 metres (669.3 ft)	Vikersund	2012	[39]
19.	Belarus	Petr Chaadaev	197.5 metres (648 ft)	Kulm	2006	[39]
20.	Kazakhstan	Radik Zhaparov	196.5 metres (645 ft)	Planica	2007	[39]
21.	Slovakia	Martin Mesik	195.5 metres (641 ft)	Kulm	2006	[39]
22.	Ukraine	Vitaliy Shumbarets	189.5 metres (622 ft)	Planica	2009	[39]
23.	Greece	Nico Polychronidis	186.0 metres (610.2 ft)	Oberstdorf	2013	[39]
24.	Netherlands	Christoph Kreuzer	162.0 metres (531.5 ft)	Planica	2002	[39]
25.	Turkey	Faik Yüksel	150.0 metres (492.1 ft)	Oberstdorf	2000's	[40]
26.	Georgia	Koba Tsakadze	142.0 metres (465.9 ft)	Vikersund	1967	[41]
27.	Spain	Bernat Sola	141.0 metres (462.6 ft)	Tauplitz	1986	[39]
28.	Hungary	Gábor Gellér	139.0 metres (456.0 ft)	?	1980's	[39]
29.	Denmark	Andreas Bjelke Nygaard	137.0 metres (449.5 ft)	Lillehammer	2000's	[39]
30.	Romania	Sorin Iulian Pîtea	127.0 metres (416.7 ft)	Sochi	2014	[39]
31.	Kyrgyzstan	Dmitry Chvykov	124.0 metres (406.8 ft)	Innsbruck	2002	[42]
32.	China	Tian Zhandong	121.5 metres (399 ft)	Bischofshofen	2004	[43]
33.	United Kingdom	Glynn Pedersen	113.5 metres (372 ft)	Salt Lake City	2001	[44]
34.	Croatia	Josip Šporer	102.0 metres (334.6 ft)	Planica	1940's	[39]
	Latvia	Kristaps Nežborts		Liberec	2012	[45]
36.	Lithuania	Zbigniew Kiwert	86.0 metres (282.2 ft)	Nizhny Novgorod	1960	[46]
37.	Iceland	Skarphéðinn Guðmundsson	80.0 metres (262.5 ft)	Squaw Valley	1960	[47]
38.	Macedonia	Goga Popov junior	62.0 metres (203.4 ft)	Planica	1952	[48]
39.	Australia	Hal Nerdal	53.0 metres (173.9 ft)	Squaw Valley	1960	[39]
		Chris Hellerud		Falun	1974	[49]
40.	Uganda	Dunstan Odeke	50.0 metres (164.0 ft)	Oslo	1990's	[49]
41.	Montenegro	Božo Čvorović	46.0 metres (150.9 ft)	Žabljak	1960's	[50]
42.	Serbia	Vid Černe	40.0 metres (131.2 ft)	Jahorina	1949	[51]
43.	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Džemo Zahirović	36.0 metres (118.1 ft)	Jahorina	1949	[52]
44.	Belgium	Rembert Notten	35.0 metres (114.8 ft)	Rückershausen	2012	[53][54][55]
	Ireland	Richard Brown		Göteborg	2002	[39]
46.	Greenland	Hans Holm	23.3 metres (76 ft)	Nuuk	1949	[56]
47.	New Zealand	Brian MacMillan	18.6 metres (61 ft)	Mount Cook	1937	[57]

GDR stamp – Memorial for the Skijumper

National records

• Vinko Bogataj – Best known as "The Agony of Defeat man" because of the constant use of footage of his spectacular tumble in the title sequence of ABC's Wide World of Sports
• Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards – Popular favourite – and last-place finisher – at the 1988 Winter Olympics

Unsuccessful

Female

Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (inrun)

Letalnica Bratov Gorišek (outrun)

Ski jumping facility in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

The Lake Placid Olympic Ski Jumping Complex

The view from the top of the ski jump in Park City, Utah after the 2002 Salt Lake Olympics

Male

• Winners of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
• Winners of Olympic Winter Games / Ski Jumping
• Winners of Nordic World Ski Championships / Ski Jumping
• Winners of the Four Hill Jumping

Other notable ski jumpers can be found in the following lists:

Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed four times 20 (plus another 19,5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition.

So far only 5 jumpers are recorded to have achieved this:

The most notable ski jumpers may be considered those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps.

Notable ski jumpers

Highest attendance

Pre-World Cup, Olympic Games, World Championships & World Cup events

Records and statistics

•   active ski jumper

Rank	Ski Jumper	#
1.	Robert Kranjec (SLO)	156
2.	Martin Koch (AUT)	133
3.	Adam Małysz (POL)	112
4.	Simon Ammann (SUI)	107
	Gregor Schlierenzauer (AUT)	107
6.	Matti Hautamäki (FIN)	104
7.	)AUT(	102
8.	Bjørn Einar Romøren (NOR)	93
9.	Anders Jacobsen (NOR)	77
10.	Anders Bardal (NOR)	76

• As of 24 March 2013.

Most of the top competitors in "regular" ski jumping tend to be among the best in ski flying competitions. However, some jumpers, such as Martin Koch of Austria, Johan Remen Evensen from Norway and Slovenia's Robert Kranjec are regarded as ski flying specialists.

Official jumps over 200m

List of ski flying hills

1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 Ski flying World Championships individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual World Cup win.

The Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and occur biennially. The 2010 FIS World Championships in ski flying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships took place in Vikersund, Norway.

Jumps of more than 200 metres (660 ft) have occurred at all ski flying hills. The current World Record is 246.5 metres (809 ft), set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.

There are five active ski flying hills, all in Europe. The biggest is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway. Others are Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic. The only hill outside of Europe is Copper Peak in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It is not active but there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.^[33]

The first ski flying hill was built in Planica in Slovenia. In 1936, the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards for their construction and maintenance. Back then, it was forbidden to build a ski jumping hill which made it possible to make jumps longer than 80 meters. Nevertheless the first-ever ski flying hill was built in Planica, Slovenia. It took several more years before competitions on this hill were approved by FIS. The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump.

Ski Flying is an extension of ski jumping. The events take place on hills with a K-point of at least 185 metres (607 ft).^[32]

Ski flying

The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of the Norwegian inventors of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation leads to the deduction of style marks (points).

Using the V-technique, popularised in late 1980s by Jan Boklöv from Sweden and Jiří Malec from Czechoslovakia, skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique, the Daescher technique and the Windisch technique.^[31] Until the mid-1970s, the ski jumper came down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the former East German Ski jumper Jochen Danneberg introduced the new in-run technique of directing the arms backwards in a more aerodynamic position.

The ski jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight and landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximize the outcome of ultimate length and style marks.

Technique

In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.

In January 2010, a new scoring factor was introduced to compensate for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be equal for everyone, which is unfair. The jumper will now receive or lose points if the inrun length is adjusted to provide optimal takeoff speed. An advanced calculation also determines plus/minus points for the actual wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores from the jump itself.

In practice, jumpers rarely get the full 60 points from the judges ... a good score is in the mid to upper fifties. The best jumpers, however, will usually exceed the K line, so they'll get a bit more than 60 points for distance. A 120 point ride is good (example: 54 points from judges, 66 for distance), and if they do that in both rounds, they'll get a 240 point score for the day. However, since they cannot get more than 60 points from the judges, but can earn unlimited points by jumping much farther than the K point (par), it's not uncommon to see scores of 270 to 280 points for the top jumpers in a World Cup competition. So ... on any size hill, a 240 point day is good ... but the best jumpers will often score much higher than that.

In addition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for style based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, good body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Thus, a perfectly scored K-120 jump – with at least four of the judges awarding 20 points each – and the jumper landing on the K-point, is awarded a total of 120 points.

Each hill has a target called the calculation point (or K point or "critical point") which is a par distance to aim for. It is also the place where many jumpers land, in the middle of the landing area. This point is marked by the K line on the landing strip. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K line is at 90 metres (300 ft) and 120 metres (390 ft) respectively. Skiers are awarded 60 points if they land on the K Line. Skiers earn extra points for flying beyond the K Line, or lose points for every meter(~3 ft) they land short of the mark. The typical meter value is 2 points in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski-flying hills. Thus, it is possible for a jumper to get a negative score if the jump is way short of the K line with poor style marks (typically a fall). The value of a meter is determined from the size of the hill. The K point is the point on the hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off.

Aerodynamics has become a factor of increasing importance in modern ski jumping, with recent rules addressing the regulation of ski jumping suits. This follows a period when loopholes in the rules seemed to favour skinny jumpers in stiff, air foil-like suits.

The winner is decided on a scoring system based on distance, style, inrun length and wind conditions.

Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can jump.^[30]

Scoring and rules

• The first mixed pairs event was held at Mostec, Slovenia.^[27][28] ski jumping complex located in Šiška District, Ljubljana. On four different hills of size HS14, HS23, HS38 and HS62 mixed teams competed with each other by rules of elimination system. Slovenians Maja Vtič and Tomaž Naglič won.^[29]
• Mixed jumping at the FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping event and first ever on plastic was held in Courchevel, France. Competition was held on normal La Praz olympic HS96 hill. The first full four member Mixed Team and first ever Grand Prix mixed team winner in history was team of Japan.
• The first FIS World Cup Mixed Team event took place in Lillehammer, Norway. Competition was held on normal Lysgårdsbakken olympic HS100 hill. Each national mixed team consisted of four ski jumpers, two men and two women. The first World Cup mixed team winner was team of Norway.

A number of events took place in 2012:

Mixed

Because they are lighter than men, female athletes need a longer inrun and reach a higher landing speed. Injuries have affected a number of female athletes including Lisa Demetz,^[10] Daniela Iraschko,^[11] Anja Tepeš,^[12] Caroline Espiau,^[13] Alexandra Pretorius,^[14] Sarah Hendrickson,^[15] Jacqueline Seifriedsberger,^[16] and Svenja Würth,^[17] Ema Klinec,^[18] Ramona Straub,^[19] Anja Tepeš,^[20] Daniela Iraschko-Stolz,^[21] Bigna Windmüller,^[22] Lindsey Van,^[23] Carina Vogt,^[24] Manuela Malsiner,^[25] and Elena Runggaldier.^[26]

Women's ski jumping was part of the 2014 Winter Olympics.

A group of 15 competitive female ski jumpers filed a suit against the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing.^[8][9] The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter. Virginia Madsen told the story in the film called Fighting Gravity (2009).

In 2006 the FIS proposed that women to compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics.^[6] but it was rejected by the IOC, because of the low number of athletes and participating countries.^[7]

Women competed at the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships followed by a women's team event at the 2011 world championships.

Women's ski jumping

Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on a porcelain track and plastic grass combined with water. There are also many competitions during the summer, including the FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping.

Summer jumping

Individual ski jumping at the Winter Olympics consists of a training jump and two scored jumps. The team event consists of four members of the same nation, who each jump twice.

Amateur and junior competitions are held on smaller hills. The second level of competition is the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup.

• Normal hill competitions: the calculation line is found at approximately 80–100 metres (260–330 ft). Distances of up to and over 110 metres (360 ft) can be reached.
• Large hill competitions: the calculation line is found at approximately 120–130 metres (390–430 ft). Distances of over 145 metres (476 ft) can be obtained on the larger hills. Both individual and team competitions are run on these hills.
• Ski-flying competitions: the calculation line is found at 185 metres (607 ft).

The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup,which includes the Four Hills Tournament, is contested on three types of hills:

Competition

The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.

In 1929, Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo to train the Japanese in ski jumping.^[3]

from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues. To distinguish ski jumping competition only from Nordic combined, it is still referred to as "spesielt hopprenn" in Norwegian (ski jumping only). Holmenkollen The annual event was moved to ^[4]).nordic combined Until 1884–1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present ^[4] was a skilled skier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.Fridtjof Nansen Explorer ^[5] in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 meters.Oslo, held in Husebyrennene The first widely known ski jumping competition was the ^[4], slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2,000 people. Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.cross-country was a combined Old Aker Church near Christiania In 1866, the first skiing event held in ^[2] jumped 30 meters without the benefit of poles.Sondre Norheim Norway's [4]