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Toronto Pearson International Airport (also known as Lester B. Pearson International Airport or simply Pearson Airport or Toronto Pearson) (ICAO: CYYZ) is an international airport serving the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, its metropolitan area, and the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration that is home to 8.7 million people.[6] The airport is located 22.5 km (14.0 mi) northwest of downtown Toronto, in the adjacent city of Mississauga.[7] The airport is named in honour of Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada.
Pearson is the largest and busiest airport in Canada.[4][8] In 2013, it handled 36,109,469 passengers[9] and 435,592 aircraft movements.[4] It is the world's 35th-busiest airport by total passenger traffic, 23rd-busiest airport by international passenger traffic, and 18th-busiest airport by flights. Pearson is a major North American global gateway, handling more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport.[10]
Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada.[11][12] It is also a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express, and serves as an operating base for passenger airlines Air Transat and Sunwing Airlines. Pearson Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) as part of Transport Canada's National Airports System[13] and is one of eight Canadian airports with facilities for United States border preclearance.
An extensive network of non-stop domestic flights is operated from Pearson by several airlines to all major and many secondary cities across all provinces of Canada.[14] There are 75 airlines operating at Pearson, connecting the airport to over 155 international destinations worldwide.[15] Pearson is one of only two airports in North America, the other being JFK International Airport, with scheduled direct flights to all six of the world's inhabited continents.[16][17]
In February 1935, the Government of Canada announced its intention to build an airport in Toronto. A site near Malton, Ontario, northwest of Toronto, was chosen as the location for the new airport.[18]
In April 1937, land agents representing the Toronto Harbour Commission approached farmers in Malton who owned Lots 6-10 on Concession 5 and 6 to acquire land for Malton Airport. Agreements were drawn up for a total purchase of 1,410.8 acres, and several farmers sold lots ranging in size from 50 to 200 acres.[18][19]
The Chapman farm house was the first office and airport terminal.[18][19]
The second terminal, a standard wood frame building, was built in 1938. The airport at the time covered 420 acres (1.7 km2) with full lighting, radio, weather reporting equipment, two hard surface runways, and one grass landing strip. The first scheduled passenger flight to Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Airlines DC-3 that landed on August 29, 1939.[20]
From June 1940 to July 1942, during the Second World War, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) operated No. 1 Elementary Service Flying School (EFTS) at Malton Airport.[21]
A third "TCA" terminal was built to the west side of second wood frame terminal in 1949.[19] It could handle 400,000 passengers per year and had an observation deck on the roof. In front of the old terminal was a set of stairs leading to a ramp to allow visitors to access the rooftop observation deck. Further expansion saw the expropriation of land near the hamlet of Elmbank. The runways were 11,050 ft (3,368 m) runway 5/23 (used for test flights of the CF-105 Arrow (Avro Arrow) fighter from the Avro Canada plant); 14/32, a 11,475 ft (3,498 m) runway (replaced by 15L/33R); and 10/28, a 7,425 ft (2,263 m) runway that now is a taxiway.[22]
In November 1958, the City of Toronto sold the airport to the federal Department of Transport; in 1960, it was renamed Toronto International Airport.[23]
The 1939 and 1949 addition (and surrounding structures) were torn down in 1964 with the area developed for Air Canada's hangar with the terminal site now occupied by the Vista Cargo Centres (Cargo Area 5).
Preclearance was pioneered at Pearson in 1952 as a convenience to allow it to connect as a domestic airport to the many smaller airports in the United States that at the time lacked customs and immigration facilities. It was at first a service performed by U.S. Customs agents at the gate. U.S. federal government concerns over smuggling between precleared and non-cleared passengers at Toronto Pearson (who at that time shared mixed terminal space) nearly ended the program in the 1970s, until a compromise was reached that called for segregated facilities. Today, Pearson handles 8 million passengers through its U.S. customs and immigration preclearance facilities per year, which is roughly one quarter of all passenger traffic at the airport.[24]
The third "TCA" terminal was demolished in the late 1960s and replaced by the Aeroquay One terminal building, which was built further south of the original site along Airport Road. Aeroquay One (also called Terminal One) had a square central structure housing ticketing and baggage facilities topped by a parking garage with about eight levels and ringed by a two-storey passenger concourse leading to the gates. It was designed by John B. Parkin, with construction taking place between 1957 and 1964. Aeroquay One was officially opened on February 28, 1964 by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson.[19]
Aeroquay One ceased operations on April 5, 2004, and has since been demolished.
Considered state-of-the-art in the 1960s, the original Terminal 1 became overloaded by the early 1970s. Terminal 2 opened as a passenger airline terminal on June 15, 1972. Initially, it served only charter airlines, but it became the hub for Air Canada passenger flights on April 29, 1973.
While a legend suggests that Terminal 2 was originally intended as a freight terminal, this was not the case. The legend may have stemmed from the fact that a cargo facility was used as a temporary passenger terminal while waiting for completion of the new terminal [25]
Terminal 2 had a facility for United States border preclearance and handled both domestic and international trans-border traffic. Domestic traffic was moved to the new Terminal 1 when it became operational, leaving Terminal 2 to handle international traffic to the United States for Air Canada and its Star Alliance partner United Airlines.
The airport was renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport in 1984, in honour of Lester B. Pearson, the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. Operationally, the airport is often referred to as Toronto Pearson.
A passenger tunnel with moving walkways at the northwest corner of Terminal 2 connected it with Terminal 1.
Terminal 2 saw its last day in operation as a passenger terminal January 29, 2007. The following day, airlines moved to the newly completed Pier F, or Hammerhead Pier at the current Terminal 1.
Demolition of Terminal 2 began in April 2007 and concluded in November 2008.[26]
During the September 11 attacks in 2001, Toronto Pearson International Airport played a role in Operation Yellow Ribbon. It received 14 of the diverted international flights that were destined for the United States after the closure of US airspace.[27]
In order to accommodate its growing aircraft volume, substantial redevelopment of the airside and infield systems has taken place. Cargo facilities were added to the centre of the airport between the parallel north–south runways in order to increase capabilities and to offset the loss of the cargo facilities that were removed for the current terminal buildings.[28] Two runways were built to increase the number of aircraft that Toronto Pearson could process. A north–south runway, 15R/33L, was added and completed in 1997. Another east–west runway, 06R/24L, was completed in 2002.[29]
The continued increase of air traffic at Toronto Pearson resulted in a 2013 decision by Transport Canada to proceed with the planning and construction of Toronto Pickering International Airport[30] (following a 2001 decision to simply revive plans for the airport), which would be approximately 50 km (31 mi) east of Toronto Pearson and handle up to 11.9 million passengers per year by 2032 with its three runways.[31]
Toronto Pearson International Airport has two operating terminals, Terminals 1 and 3. T1 opened on April 6, 2004. The old Terminal 1, which closed simultaneously with the opening, was demolished to make room for additional gates at Pier E. Pier F at Terminal 1, which has an enlarged end called "Hammerhead F", opened on January 30, 2007 to replace Terminal 2. This pier accommodates international traffic and adds 7 million passengers per year to the airport's total capacity. Redevelopment of the airport was a logistical challenge, as the existing terminals remained operational throughout construction and demolition.
As of August 2010, free high-speed Wi-Fi internet access is available throughout all passenger terminals at Toronto Pearson.[32]
Terminal 1 is designed to handle domestic, international, and trans-border flights in one facility. The terminal features three piers: Piers D and E with 38 gates and Pier F with 23 gates. Pier F serves transborder and international flights, replacing Terminal 2 and the Infield Terminal (IFT). A Pier G is slated to be built in the future if demand warrants.[33]
The terminal was designed by joint venture Airports Architects Canada (Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP; Adamson Associates Architects; and Moshe Safdie and Associates).[34]
Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Toronto operate out of Terminal 1; however, the terminal is also used by airlines that are not members of Star Alliance. Terminal 1 contains 58 gates: 101, 103, 105, 107–112, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 131–145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 160–163, 164A–164B, 165, 166A–166B, 167–181, 191, and 193. Two of the gates can accommodate the Airbus A380. Emirates is the only operator of this type of airplane at Toronto Pearson.
Measuring over 567,000 square metres (6,000,000 sq ft), Terminal 1 is the 11th-largest airport terminal in the world in terms of floor area.
Along with the standard border facilities, the terminal also contains a few customs "B" checkpoints along the international arrivals walkway. Passengers that are connecting from an international or trans-border arrival to another international (non-U.S.) departure in Terminal 1 go to one of these checkpoints for passport control and immigration checks, then are directed to Pier F. This alleviates the need to recheck bags, pass through security screening, and relieves congestion in the primary customs hall.[33]
Terminal 1 is also home to the ThyssenKrupp Express Walkway, the world's fastest moving walkway.[35]
Terminal 3, which opened on February 21, 1991, was built to offset traffic from the old Terminals 1 and 2. Terminal 3 was initially advertised as "Trillium Terminal 3" and the "Trillium Terminal". It was built as a private venture and was a state-of-the-art terminal containing a U.S. customs preclearance facility, among other things. A parking garage and hotel is located across from the terminal and is connected by an elevated pedestrian walkway. At the time of the opening, the hotel was managed by Swissôtel. However, it was rebranded as a Sheraton property in October 1993.[36] In 1997, the GTAA purchased Terminal 3 and shortly thereafter implemented a C$350 million expansion.[37]
A team of coordinators known as T3RD oversaw the redevelopment and expansion of Terminal 3.[38] In 2004, the Pier C Expansion opened, followed by the East Processor Extension (EPE) in June 2006, adding 40 new check-in counters, new retail space, additional secure 'hold-screening' for baggage, and a huge picture window that offers one of the most convenient apron viewing locations at the airport. This phase of the expansion also included improved Canadian Border services and a more open arrivals hall. Phase II of the EPE was completed in 2007 and includes larger security screening areas and additional international baggage claim areas. The West Processor Expansion Shell was completed in early 2008.
All SkyTeam and Oneworld airlines that serve Pearson operate from Terminal 3, along with WestJet, Air Transat, and most other airlines that are unaffiliated with an airline alliance. Terminal 3 has 39 gates: A1–A6, B7–B20, B22 and C24–C41.
The infield terminal was built to handle traffic displaced during the development and construction of the current Terminal 1.[39] Its gates were opened in 2002 and 2003.[40] A first class lounge was opened in 2005.[41] The terminal, also known as the IFT, has 11 gates (521 to 531). A pedestrian tunnel originally connected the Infield Terminal to Terminal 2 and now connects to Terminal 1.[42] Although it is currently closed, plans are in place to reactivate it if necessary in the future to accommodate seasonal or overflow demand, or to provide additional capacity during future terminal building construction at the airport.
When it was in use, passengers were transported by bus between Terminal 1 and the IFT to reach their gates.[40]
The Infield Terminal is frequently used as a location to film major motion pictures and television productions.[43]
In July 2006, the automated LINK Train people mover opened, with two 6-car trains that run between Terminal 1, Terminal 3, and the Sheraton Gateway Hotel, where a reduced rate and airport staff parking lot exists between Airport Road and Viscount Road.[44] In 2009, a new 8,500 vehicle parking garage opened near Viscount station, linked via a bridge across Viscount Road. The structure accommodates long term parking, employee parking, and rental car operations.
There are two supplies of aviation fuel at the airport:
Pearson is home to Toronto Area Control Centre, one of seven Air Control Centres in Canada, all of which are operated by Nav Canada.
Pearson is one of two airports in Canada with a Traffic Management Unit (TMU) to help control planes on the taxiways and apron areas.[45] The TMU is located in the tower at Terminal 1. The airport's main control tower is located within the infield operations area.
All three major airline alliances (Star Alliance, SkyTeam, and Oneworld) have a large presence at Toronto Pearson, and therefore all maintain frequent flyer lounges within the airport. There are also several "Pay-In" lounges open for use by all passengers, regardless of airline, frequent flyer status, or class of travel.
The airport's 115-member airfield maintenance unit is responsible for general maintenance and repairs at the airport. From mid-November to mid-April, the unit is in winter mode armed with a $38 million snow removal budget.[51] The airport employs 11 Vammas PSB series[51] and 4 Oshkosh HT-Series[52] snowplow units.
Pearson Airport's Central De-icing Facility is the largest in the world, servicing about 10,500 aircraft each winter. The six de-icing bays can handle up to 12 aircraft at a time, taking between 2 and 19 minutes per aircraft.[53]
During de-icing, a heated glycol and water mixture is applied to the aircraft to remove frozen contamination adhering to critical flight control surfaces. During anti-icing, additional chemicals are applied to provide long-term protection against icing.[54]
Pearson operates two primary cargo facilities. The Cargo West Facilities are located between runways 15L/33R and 15R/33L, and the Cargo Area 5 or VISTA Cargo Centres Incorporated are located north of Terminal 3. A third facility dedicated to FedEx operations occupies facilities at the north side of the airport near runway 05/23.[68]
The airport is accessible from Highway 427 (just north of the Highway 401) or from Highway 409, a spur off Highway 401 that leads directly into the airport. Airport Road to the north and Dixon Road to the east both provide local access to the airport.[70]
Restricted road access from Courtney Park Drive and Britannia Road to the west of the airport are for authorized vehicles only. Various roads to the cargo area to the north are also restricted. Other roads that travel along the airport grounds and runways are blocked off by fencing and gates. When drivers pick up or drop off guests at Toronto Pearson, they are permitted to stop momentarily outside the Arrivals and Departure areas at both terminals.
Bus services that connect Toronto and the surrounding region to Pearson Airport include the Toronto Transit Commission (public transit), GO Transit (public regional transit), MiWay (public transit), Brampton Transit (public transit) and Can-ar Coach Service (private airport coach service):[71] The Toronto Airport Express Coach (private airport coach service) operated from 1979 until 2014 when it was discontinued due to falling ridership.
Bloor–Danforth Subway Line
Yonge–University–Spadina Subway Line
(approximately 2:00 a.m.–6:00 a.m. daily)
Westbound: Local service to Brampton and Bramalea bus terminals
Southbound: Square One. Northbound: Westwood Mall.
Southbound: Square One. Northbound: Westwood Mall and Humber College North Campus.
Access from the airport's offsite parking is made via Viscount LINK Station.
This route will become one of the branches of Mississauga's BRT system.
(approximately 5:00 a.m.–8:00 p.m.)
Southbound: Skymark Hub. Northbound: Westwood Mall.
Northbound: Meadowvale Town Centre
Southbound: Islington Station on the Bloor–Danforth Subway Line
Toronto Pearson International Airport has pick-up locations for taxis, limousines, out-of-town bus, and/or shuttle services, all of which offer transportation to downtown Toronto, cities throughout Ontario, and into Detroit, Michigan, USA. Taxis are licensed by the City of Mississauga, not from the City of Toronto. Taxis that are licensed in Toronto can deliver to Pearson, but only airport-licensed taxis and limos can pick up at Pearson legally. Rides can also be prearranged through GTA Airport Taxi or GTA Airport Limo at the Airport, providing prompt pick-up outside of the terminal.[82] Pearson Airport Limousine companies use GTAA authorized out-of-town flat rates for pick-ups from Pearson Airport.[83]
Toronto Pearson International Airport supports many out-of-town small bus, van, and shuttle operators, offering transportation from the airport to cities, towns, and villages throughout Southern Ontario. Some operators offer connections to other airports in Ontario (John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton and London International Airport in London) or in the United States (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Detroit, Michigan and Buffalo Niagara International Airport in Buffalo, New York).[84]
Toronto Pearson Terminal 1 Station is under construction to serve the future Union Pearson Express, which is expected to begin service before the 2015 Pan American Games.[85] The airport is not served by trains even though it is near an existent railway line. The closest rail station is Malton GO Station, at Derry Road east of Airport Road. As of June 2013, MiWay routes 7, 58, and 115 connect the station to the airport in 10 minutes.
The Eglinton Crosstown light rail line was originally projected to connect Pearson to Scarborough by 2018 as part of the Transit City plan.[86] However, when the four Transit City lines were found to be $2.4 billion over their funding envelope in January 2010, parts of the network were deferred, including the western section of the Eglinton Crosstown LRT.[87]
One of the routes in GO Transit's proposed Highway 407 BRT system would reach the airport. As a precursor, GO as of June 2013 operates the 40 Airport Express route between Richmond Hill Centre Terminal and Pearson Airport. This route formerly served Mississauga City Centre, but was shortened due to MiWay's launch of its own Airport Express route. A bus rapid transit route is planned to use the Mississauga Transitway, which is under construction. Mississauga Transit's 107 Malton Express has been in service since March 2010, connecting Mississauga City Centre, Malton, and Pearson Airport via the LINK Train's Viscount Station during peak hours only. After the completion of the transitway in late 2013, travel times between these destinations would be cut down to 19 minutes (compared to 7 Airport's 41 minutes and to the current 107's 29 minutes). Also, an all-day, all-week connection between the two destinations would be established.[88]
The Infield Terminal (IFT) was constructed to provide interim gating capacity during the phased construction of Terminal 1. The first two gates became operational in June 2002, with the remaining nine gates opening the following year. (The final three gates opened in July 2003, bringing the total available to 11.)
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