Velar lateral approximant

IPA number 158

Encoding

Entity (decimal) ʟ

Unicode (hex) U+029F

X-SAMPA L\

Kirshenbaum L

Braille

Image

Sound

The velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in a very small number^[1] of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʟ⟩ (since 1989) and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\.

The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization [ɡ͡ʟ].^[2]

Features 1
Occurrence 2
See also 3
References 4
Bibliography 5

Features

Features of the velar lateral approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	some dialects^[3]	milk		'milk'	May occur before velar and labial consonants. See English phonology
Hiw^[4]		r̄evr̄ov	[ɡ͡ʟəβɡ͡ʟɔβ]	'evening'	The velar lateral of Hiw is prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]
Melpa^[5]		[paʟa]		'fence'
Mid-Wahgi^[3]		aglagle	[aʟaʟe]	'dizzy'

References

^ François (2010:422–426)
^ François (2010:425)
^ ^a ^b Roca & Johnson (1999:73)
^ François (2010:419)
^ Ladefoged (2005:169)

Bibliography

Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing

International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Extensions to the IPA Kiel convention (1989) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Naming conventions

Phonetics	Diacritics Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation

Special topics	Case variants of IPA letters Handwritten IPA Obsolete and nonstandard symbols IPA chart for English dialects

Encodings	SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet IPA Braille

Consonants

IPA pulmonic consonantschart image • audio

Place →

Labial

Coronal

Dorsal

Laryngeal

↓ Manner

Bilabial

Labiodental

Linguolabial

Dental

Alveolar

Palato-
alveolar

Retroflex

Alveolo-
palatal

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Pharyngeal
/ Epiglottal

Glottal

Nasal

m̥

n̼̊

n̼

n̥

ɳ̊

ɲ̊

ŋ̊

ɴ̥

Stop

p̪

b̪

t̼

d̼

Sibilant affricate

tʃ

dʒ

ʈʂ

ɖʐ

tɕ

dʑ

Non-sibilant affricate

pɸ

bβ

p̪f

b̪v

tθ

dð

tθ̠

dð̠

t̠ɹ̠̊˔

d̠ɹ̠˔

cç

ɟʝ

ɡɣ

qχ

ɢʁ

ʡħ

ʡʕ

ʔh

Sibilant fricative

Non-sibilant fricative

θ̼

ð̼

θ̱

ð̠

ɹ̠̊˔

ɹ̠˔

ɦ ʔ̞

Approximant

ɸ˕

θ̞

ɹ̥

ɻ̊

j̊

ɰ̊

Flap or tap

ⱱ̟

ⱱ

ɾ̼

ɾ̥

ɽ̊

ɢ̆

ʡ̮

Trill

r̼

r̥

ɽr̥

ɽr

ʀ̥

Lateral affricate

tɬ

dɮ

ʈɭ̊˔

cʎ̥˔

kʟ̝̊

ɡʟ̝

Lateral fricative

ɭ̊˔

ʎ̥˔

ʎ̝

ʟ̝̊

ʟ̝

Lateral approximant

l̼

l̥

ɭ̊

ʎ̥

ʟ̠

Lateral flap

ɺ̼

ɭ̆

ʎ̮

ʟ̆

Non-pulmonic consonants
Simple clicks	ʘ	ʘ̬	ʘ̃	ǀ	ǀ̬	ǀ̃	ǃ	ǃ̬	ǃ̃
Simple clicks	ǂ	ǂ̬	ǂ̃	ǁ	ǁ̬	ǁ̃	ǃ˞	ǃ̬˞	ǃ̃˞
Other clicks	ʘ̃ˀ	ʘˀ	ˀʘ̃	ʘ͡q	ʘ͡qχ	ʘ͡qʼ	ʘ͡qχʼ	¡	ʞ
Implosives	ɓ	ɗ	ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosives	ɓ̥	ɗ̥	ᶑ̥	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejectives	pʼ	tʼ	ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ɬʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	tsʼ	tɬʼ	tʃʼ	ʈʂʼ	tɕʼ	cʎ̝̥ʼ	kxʼ	kʟ̝̊ʼ	qχʼ

Co-articulated consonants
Continuants	ʍ	w	ɥ̊	ɥ	ɫ
Occlusives	k͡p	ɡ͡b	ŋ͡m	ɧ
Occlusives	t͡p	d͡b	n͡m	q͡ʡ

— These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]

— Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants.

— Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible or not distinctive.

Chart image

Pulmonics
Non-pulmonics
Affricates
Co-articulated

Vowels

Front

Near-front

Central

Near-back

Back

Close

•iy

•ɨʉ

•ɯu

•ɪʏ

•ɪ̈ʊ̈

•eø

•ɘɵ

•ɤo

•e̞ø̞

•əɵ̞

•ɤ̞o̞

•ɛœ

•ɜɞ

•ʌɔ

•æ

•aɶ

•äɒ̈

•ɑɒ

Near-close

Close-mid

Mid

Open-mid

Near-open

Open

• chart • chart with audio •

Categories

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Velar lateral approximant