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The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa or Western Asia.
In the eastern half of Asia, the Pacific and the Americas, [z] is very rare as a phoneme. The presence of [z] in a given language always implies the presence of a voiceless [s].
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative:
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [z̺] and laminal [z̻].
The voiced alveolar fronted sibilant (commonly termed the voiced dental sibilant) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. In the International Phonetic Alphabet it's commonly represented as ⟨z̪⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced alveolar sibilant and a diacritic indicating dental articulation. However, since this consonant is articulated behind the teeth, not against them, a notation ⟨z̟⟩ (a combination of the letter for the voiced alveolar sibilant and a diacritic indicating fronted articulation) would be more appropriate. This article uses ⟨z̪⟩ for simplicity.
Features of the voiced alveolar fronted sibilant:
The voiced alveolar retracted sibilant, [z̺], is a fricative which is articulated with the tip of the tongue (apex) against the alveolar ridge. It is the sibilant found in dialects of central and northern Portuguese, several dialects of European Spanish, Antioqueño Spanish, Catalan, Gascon, Languedocien Occitan, and Modern Greek. Often to speakers of languages or dialects which do not have an alveolar retracted sibilant, they are said to have a "whistling" quality.
Features of the voiced alveolar retracted sibilant:
The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), it can represent this sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized ⟨ð⟩, respectively), or ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted ⟨ɹ⟩).
Manner of articulation, Place of articulation, International Phonetic Alphabet, Spanish language, English language