World Library  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

Voiceless palatal stop

Article Id: WHEBN0000524893
Reproduction Date:

Title: Voiceless palatal stop  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Icelandic orthography, Palatal nasal, Voiceless velar stop, Iotation, IPA Braille
Collection: Palatal Consonants, Plosives, Voiceless Stops
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Voiceless palatal stop

Voiceless palatal stop
c
IPA number 107
Encoding
Entity (decimal) c
Unicode (hex) U+0063
X-SAMPA c
Kirshenbaum c
Braille ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)
Sound
 ·

The voiceless palatal stop or voiceless palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.

If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal stop may be transcribed ⟨c̟⟩ or ⟨t̠ʲ⟩; these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȶ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.

It is common for the phonetic symbol ⟨c⟩ to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.

There is also a voiceless post-palatal stop (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.

Contents

  • Features 1
  • Occurrence 2
  • See also 3
  • References 4
  • Bibliography 5

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian[1] kuq [kuc] 'red' Merged with [t͡ʃ] in Gheg Albanian for all speakers and in Tosk for some speakers.[2]
Aranda — — Dento-alveolo-palatal and alveolar.[3]
Basque ttantta [cäɲcä] 'droplet'
Blackfoot ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ/akikoan [aˈkicoan] 'girl' Allophone of /k/ after front vowels.
Bulgarian Banat kaćétu [kacetu] 'as'
Catalan Eastern[4] adquirir [ət̪k̟iˈɾi(ɾ)] 'to acquire' Post-palatal.[4] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.[4] See Catalan phonology
Majorcan[5] mags [ˈmacs] 'wizards' Simultaneous dento-alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Taiwanese Hokkien 機車/ki-tshia [ciː˧˧ t͡ɕʰia˥˥] 'motorcycle'
Corsican chjodu [ˈcoːdu] 'nail' Also present in the Gallurese dialect
Czech čeština [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] 'Czech language' Alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[3] See Czech phonology
Dawsahak [cɛːˈnɐ] 'small'
Dinka car [car] 'black'
Dutch mietje [mic(j)ə] 'wimp'
Ega[6] [cá] 'understand'
English[7][8] keen [k̟ʰiːn] 'keen' Post-palatal.[7][8] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels and /j/,[8] in Australia it may be (less commonly) palatal instead.[8] See English phonology and Australian English phonology
French[3] qui [ci] 'who' (int.) Ranges from alveolar to palatal with more than one closure point. See French phonology
Friulian cjase [case] 'house'
Ganda caayi [caːji] 'tea'
Greek[9] Μακεδνός     'Makedon' Post-palatal.[9] See Modern Greek phonology
Gweno [ca] 'to come'
Hungarian[10] tyúk [cuːk] 'hen' Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic gjóla [couːla] 'light wind' Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Icelandic phonology
Italian Standard[11] chi About this sound [k̟i]   'who(m)' Post-palatal.[11] Allophone of /k/ before /i e ɛ j/.[11] See Italian phonology
Irish ceist [cɛʃtʲ] 'question' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] See Irish phonology
Khmer ចាប [caap] 'bird' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Latvian ķirbis [ˈcirbis] 'pumpkin'
Low German Plautdietsch kjoakj [coac] 'church' Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects.
Macedonian вреќа [ˈvrɛca] 'sack' See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian Northern and central dialects[12] fett [fɛcː] 'fat' See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Limousin tireta [ciˈʀetɒ] 'drawer'
Auvergnat tirador [ciʀaˈdu] 'drawer'
Portuguese Some Fluminense speakers pequi [pi̥ˈci] 'pequi' Allophone of stressed /k/ after [i ~ ɪ] and before close front vowels (/i e ĩ ẽ/).
Some Brazilian speakers metido [miˈc̟idu] 'meddlesome', 'cocky' (m.) Corresponds to the affricate allophone of /t/ before /i/ that is common in Brazil).[13] See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[14] chin [cin] 'torture' Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology
Romansh Sursilvan[15] notg [nɔc] 'night'
Sutsilvan[16] tgàn [caŋ] 'dog'
Surmiran[17] vatgas [ˈvɑcɐs] 'cows'
Puter[18] zücher [ˈtsycər] 'sugar'
Vallader[19] müs-chel [ˈmyʃcəl] 'moss'
Kinyarwanda ikintu [iciːntu] 'question'
Slovak deväť [ˈɟɛvæc] 'nine' Alveolar.[3]
Turkish köy [cʰœj] 'village' See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese[20] chị [ci˧ˀ˨ʔ] 'elder sister' May be slightly affricated [t͡ɕ]. See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian tjems [cɛms] 'strainer'
Western Desert kutju [kucu] 'one'

See also

References

  1. ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
  2. ^ Kolgjini (2004).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Recasens (2013), p. 11–13.
  4. ^ a b c Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  5. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
  6. ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
  7. ^ a b Lyons (1981), p. 76.
  8. ^ a b c d Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  9. ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  10. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
  11. ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 62.
  12. ^ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
  13. ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited
  14. ^ DEX Online : [2]
  15. ^ Menzli (1993), p. 92.
  16. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 53–54.
  17. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 56–57.
  18. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 59–60.
  19. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 63–64.
  20. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

Bibliography

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208,  
  • Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,  
  • Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32 (1): 99–104,  
  • Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington 
  •  
  • Liver, Ricarda (1999), Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag,  
  • Lyons, John (1981), Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press,  
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University 
  • Menzli, Gierdi (1993), Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18, Ligia romontscha 
  • Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press,  
  • Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans,  
  • Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 1–22,  
  • Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1–25,  
  • Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press) 
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language 35 (3): 454–476,  
 
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 



Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from Hawaii eBook Library are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.