Science and technology in the United Kingdom

A Watt steam engine, which powered the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom and played a key role in it becoming the world's first industrialised nation.^[1]

Science and technology in the United Kingdom has a long history, producing many important figures and developments in the field. Major theorists from the UK include Isaac Newton whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone of modern science and Charles Darwin whose theory of evolution by natural selection was fundamental to the development of modern biology. Major scientific discoveries include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish, penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the structure of DNA, by Francis Crick and others. Major engineering projects and applications pursued by people from the UK include the steam locomotive developed by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, the jet engine by Frank Whittle and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee. The UK continues to play a major role in the development of science and technology and major technological sectors include the aerospace, motor and pharmaceutical industries.

Important advances made by people from the UK

Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), who is widely regarded as the founder of modern physics and mathematics^[2]

England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century^[3] and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century,^[4] and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances.^[5] Some of the major theories, discoveries and applications advanced by people from the UK are given below.

• The laws of motion and illumination of gravity, by physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian, Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727).^[6]
• The discovery of hydrogen, by Henry Cavendish (1731–1810).^[7]
• The steam locomotive, by Richard Trevithick (1771–1833) and Andrew Vivian (1759–1842).^[8]
• The electric motor, by Michael Faraday (1771–1867), who largely made electricity viable for use in technology.^[9]
• The theory of [10]
• The first public steam [11]
• The first commercial electrical telegraph, co-invented by Sir William Fothergill Cooke (1806–79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802–75).^[12][13]
• First tunnel under a navigable river, first all iron ship and first railway to run express services, contributed to by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–59).^[14]

Charles Darwin (1809–82) whose theory of evolution by natural selection is the foundation of modern biological sciences^[15]

• Evolution by natural selection, by Charles Darwin (1809–82).^[15]
• The invention of the incandescent light bulb, by Joseph Swan (1826–1914).^[9]
• The unification of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (1831–79).^[16]
• The first practical telephone, patented by Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922).^[17]
• The discovery of penicillin, by biologist and pharmacologist, Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955).^[18]
• The world's first working television system, and colour television, by John Logie Baird (1888–1946).^[19][20]
• The first meaningful synthesis of quantum mechanics with special relativity by Paul Dirac (1902–84) in the equation named after him, and his subsequent prediction of antimatter.^[21]
• The invention of the jet engine, by Frank Whittle (1907–96).^[22]
• The invention of the hovercraft, by Christopher Cockerell (1910–99).^[23]
• The colossus computer, by Alan Turing (1912–54), the first digital computer (a code breaker in WWII made in Bletchley Park) computer.^[22]
• The structure of DNA, by Francis Crick (1916–2004) and others.^[24]
• The theoretical breakthrough of the Higgs mechanism to explain electroweak symmetry breaking and why some particles have mass, by Peter Higgs (1929-).^[25]
• Theories in cosmology, quantum gravity and black holes, by Stephen Hawking (1942–).^[26]
• The invention of the World Wide Web, by Tim Berners-Lee (1989).^[27]

Technology-based industries

The Airbus A380 has wings and engines manufactured in the UK.

The UK plays a leading part in the aerospace industry, with companies including Rolls-Royce playing a leading role in the aero-engine market; BAE Systems acting as Britain's largest and the Pentagon's sixth largest defence supplier, and large companies including GKN acting as major suppliers to the Airbus project.^[28] Two British-based companies, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, ranked in the top five pharmaceutical companies in the world by sales in 2009^[29] and UK companies have discovered and developed more leading medicines than any other country apart from the US.^[30] The UK remains a leading centre of automotive design and production, particularly of engines, and has around 2,600 component manufacturers.^[31]

Scientific research

Scientific research and development remains important in British universities, with many establishing science parks to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.^[32] Between 2004 and 2012 the UK produced 6% of the world's scientific research papers and had an 8% share of scientific citations, the third- and second-highest in the world (after the United States' 9% and China's 7% respectively).^[33] Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet.^[34]

See also

• Government Office for Science
• List of UK government scientific research institutes
• List of science parks in the United Kingdom

Notes